Last updated July 18, 2026
Key finding
A PImax of 60% caused reduction of CBF in DM-CAN and DM (P<0.001), but not in C.
This study investigated the effects of inspiratory muscle loading on blood flow and glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. It found that loading at 60% of PImax significantly reduced calf blood flow and increased vascular resistance.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Short-Term (≤3 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study investigated the effects of inspiratory muscle loading on blood flow and glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. It found that loading at 60% of PImax significantly reduced calf blood flow and increased vascular resistance.
Understanding how inspiratory muscle loading affects blood flow and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes is crucial. These findings could inform rehabilitation strategies and management of diabetes-related complications, potentially improving patient outcomes.
The study's sample size and demographic may limit generalizability. Only short-term effects of inspiratory muscle loading were assessed. The study did not explore long-term impacts on diabetes management.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Ana PDSC, Cristiano FA, Franciele RF, et al. Inspiratory muscle loading exacerbates vasoconstriction in patients with type 2 diabetes. PLOS ONE. 2015;10(3):e0121384. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121384
Calf blood flow decreased significantly by -1 ml/min/100ml (P<0.001) at 60% of PImax.
Calf vascular resistance increased significantly by 1 unit (P<0.001) at 60% of PImax.
Glucose levels decreased by 40% (P<0.001) at 60% of PImax.
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax, Inspiratory muscle loading at 60% of PImax and Blood glucose, Calf blood flow during inspiratory muscle loading, Calf vascular resistance during inspiratory muscle loading, and 2 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
1
Related topics
9
Evidence pairs
245
Related studies
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Save studies and evidence pages, organize your personal Evidence Tracker, and keep the research you care about in one place.
Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_outcome
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax → Blood glucose
Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax → Blood glucose
Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax → Calf blood flow during inspiratory muscle loading
Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax → Calf blood flow during inspiratory muscle loading
Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax → Calf vascular resistance during inspiratory muscle loading
Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax → Calf vascular resistance during inspiratory muscle loading
Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax → Forearm blood flow during inspiratory muscle loading
Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax → Forearm blood flow during inspiratory muscle loading
Inspiratory muscle loading at 60% of PImax → Blood glucose
Inspiratory muscle loading at 60% of PImax → Blood glucose
Inspiratory muscle loading at 60% of PImax → Calf blood flow during inspiratory muscle loading
Inspiratory muscle loading at 60% of PImax → Calf blood flow during inspiratory muscle loading
Inspiratory muscle loading at 60% of PImax → Calf vascular resistance during inspiratory muscle loading
Inspiratory muscle loading at 60% of PImax → Calf vascular resistance during inspiratory muscle loading
Inspiratory muscle loading at 60% of PImax → Forearm blood flow during inspiratory muscle loading
Inspiratory muscle loading at 60% of PImax → Forearm blood flow during inspiratory muscle loading
Inspiratory muscle loading at 60% of PImax → Log-transformed reactive hyperemia index (LnRHI)
Inspiratory muscle loading at 60% of PImax → Log-transformed reactive hyperemia index (LnRHI)
Evidence Library
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Evidence Library
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax and Fasting Glucose, Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax and Calf blood flow during inspiratory muscle loading.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Physical Activity
Physical Activity
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Calf blood flow during inspiratory muscle loading
Measures Calf blood flow during inspiratory muscle loading as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Fasting Glucose
Measures Fasting Glucose as a key outcome.
All studies on Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax
Contributes to Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax evidence base.
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax appears to improve Calf blood flow during inspiratory muscle loading.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Calf blood flow during inspiratory muscle loading
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax appears to improve Calf vascular resistance during inspiratory muscle loading.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Calf vascular resistance during inspiratory muscle loading
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImax appears to improve Forearm blood flow during inspiratory muscle loading.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Forearm blood flow during inspiratory muscle loading
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Inspiratory muscle loading at 60% of PImax appears to improve Blood glucose.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Blood glucose
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Next steps
Choose a next path through related evidence topics, Evidence Explorer views, and research summaries.
Open broader Evidence Explorer views for this relationship.
Read related research summaries.
Focused on evidence, not advertising.
Your data is always protected.
New studies added every day.
