Structured population data were available for 13 of 13 supporting studies. 11 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 12 studies described adult participants.

4 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

3 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, usual_care.

4 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Source evidence could not be resolved sufficiently for this field.

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Group P

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, risk_of_bias.

Patients with periodontitis and poorly controlled type 2 diabetes receiving NSPT.

Group DM/P

In Group DM/P, three participants did not return for re-evaluation, resulting in a final sample size of 17.

Patients with periodontitis without diabetes receiving NSPT.

In Group P, one participant was excluded due to antibiotic use during the study, resulting in a final sample size of 19.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: source evidence unresolved.

Diabetes May Hinder Periodontal Treatment Outcomes

Control Group (CG)

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Patients received oral hygiene instructions and intensive NSPT, including supra/subgingival instrumentation under local anaesthesia.

Intervention Group (IG)

At baseline, IG patients received oral hygiene instructions (OHI) and intensive NSPT, including supra/subgingival instrumentation under local anaesthesia in two sessions (half-mouth per session—1 week apart) using an ultrasonic scaler (Minipiezon, EMS) and hand instruments (Gracey Curettes, Hu-Friedy).

Patients received one-time OHI and only supragingival instrumentation using an ultrasonic scaler.

CG patients received at baseline one-time-only OHI and only supragingival instrumentation using an ultrasonic scaler.

Non-surgical periodontal therapy improves renal function and glycaemic control in CKD patients

Chronic periodontitis group

Patients with chronic periodontitis and well-controlled Type II diabetes mellitus receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy.

Chronic periodontitis group with well-controlled Type II diabetes mellitus

Group II (20 patients)-Chronic periodontitis group with well-controlled Type II diabetes mellitus (FBS > 126 mg/dL and HbA1c greater than 6.5% and less than 7). All the enrolled study subjects were treated with non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT).

Patients with chronic periodontitis without well-controlled Type II diabetes mellitus receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy.

Group I (20 patients)-Chronic periodontitis group (FBS < 126 mg/dL and HbA1c less than 6.5%). All the enrolled study subjects were treated with non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT).

Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy Reduces IL-17 in Diabetic Patients

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

Oral hygiene instructions only

Participants received non-surgical periodontal therapy and supportive periodontal therapy at 3 and 6 months.

Periodontal treatment group

The periodontal treatment group (n = 20) received non-surgical periodontal therapy, including scaling and root planing plus oral hygiene instructions, and consecutive supportive periodontal therapy at 3 and 6 months.

Participants received only oral hygiene instructions without treatment during the experimental period.

The control group (n = 17) received only oral hygiene instructions without treatment during the experimental period.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Non-surgical periodontal treatment improves quality of life in type 2 diabetes patients

Oral hygiene instructions

Patients received scaling and root surface debridement.

Nonsurgical periodontal therapy group

Scaling and root surface debridement were performed in the test group.

Patients received oral hygiene instructions with no treatment.

The control group received oral hygiene instructions with no treatment during the 3-month study period.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

Nonsurgical periodontal therapy may improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving NSPT and a periodontal care curriculum taught by community health workers.

Experimental Group (EG)

The T2DM patients in the EG received the NSPT and periodontal care curriculum taught by CHWs.

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving only NSPT.

The patients in the control group (CG) received only NSPT.

Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment Improves Oral Self-Care in Diabetes Patients

Oral hygiene instructions (OHI)

Subjects received full mouth debridement and were instructed in oral hygiene methods.

Non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT)

Assigned treatment for the NSPT group was full mouth debridement, which consisted of scaling and root planing, was done in a single visit for all subjects in the NSPT group using an ultrasonic scaler.

Subjects received oral hygiene instructions and motivation without any interventional treatment.

No interventional treatment was given to the OHI group apart from oral hygiene instructions and motivation.

NSPT improves plaque index and glycemic control in diabetes.

Conventional periodontal treatment

Patients receiving periodontal treatment along with ozone gas therapy.

Ozone Group

In this 12-month randomized trial, 100 patients with type 2 diabetes were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive treatment with the ozone (closed-loop group) or a conventional therapy (control group).

Patients receiving standard periodontal treatment.

Ozone therapy may improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients

Not applicable to this study design or comparison.

Participants underwent non-surgical periodontal therapy based on a specific protocol.

Non-surgical periodontal therapy

Participants underwent non-surgical periodontal therapy based on the protocol proposed by Quirynen, et al. (2000), which involved full-mouth scaling and root planing within 24 hours, divided into two sessions, without the use of chlorhexidine.

Periodontal therapy improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes

No periodontal intervention

Participants receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy.

Non-surgical periodontal therapy group

Participants were randomized into two groups ( n = 50 each): a test group receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing)

Participants receiving no periodontal intervention.

and a control group receiving no periodontal intervention.

Periodontal Therapy May Improve Glycemic Control in Diabetes

Delayed treatment

Patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis receiving immediate non-surgical periodontal treatment.

Non-surgical periodontal treatment

Among the 187 type 2 diabetic patients, 93 were randomly assigned to receive non-surgical periodontal treatment immediately.

Patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis receiving delayed treatment.

Periodontal therapy may improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes

Regular diet

Patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis receiving intensive periodontal treatment.

Periodontal treatment with topical antibiotics

A total of 41 patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis received periodontal treatment with the topical application of antibiotics four times within a 2-month period.

Periodontal treatment improves glycemic control in diabetes

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: comparator.

Patients with Type 2 diabetes and moderate generalized chronic periodontitis receiving SRP.

Conventional periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing)

A prospective, comparative, clinical study was performed on 50 patients suffering from Type 2 DM with moderate, generalized chronic periodontitis.

Periodontal treatment improves metabolic control in Type 2 diabetes

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 8 of 8 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 8 studies described adult participants.

1 relevant study has unresolved authoritative design evidence and does not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved.

3 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 2 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, other, usual_care.

4 of 5 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 10 of 11 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 5 studies with type 2 diabetes, 2 studies with type 1 diabetes. 8 studies described adult participants.

3 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

1 supporting study lacks usable structured population information.

Structured population data were available for 8 of 8 supporting studies. 7 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 1 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 8 of 8 supporting studies. 6 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 8 of 8 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 4 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, usual_care.

5 of 8 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

3 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 1 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 2 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

Structured population data were available for 12 of 12 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 9 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 12 studies described adult participants.

9 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 5 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 2 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, unknown_unresolved.

Structured population data were available for 10 of 10 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 8 studies with type 2 diabetes, 2 studies with type 1 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 8 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, other, usual_care.

3 studies contain conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: other, usual_care.

2 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 5 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 11 of 11 supporting studies. 10 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 11 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 6 of 6 supporting studies. 6 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 6 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 7 of 7 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, placebo, usual_care.

Non-surgical periodontal treatment × HbA1c

Available supporting studies