Safety

Evidence Snapshot

Evidence relationships

Studies reviewed

Interventions evaluated

Strongest evidence area

Dapagliflozin

Top Evidence Areas

Rank	Intervention	Outcome	Effectiveness	Strength	Consistency	Studies
#1	Dapagliflozin	Hypoglycemia events			Unclear	1
#2	Dapagliflozin	Renal and urinary disorders incidence	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#3	Dapagliflozin Gliclazide combination	Hypoglycemia events			Unclear	1
#4	Empagliflozin	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#5	Finerenone	Hyperkalemia	Moderate Negative	Weak	Unclear	1
#6	Glibenclamide	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Negative	Weak	Unclear	1
#7	Glibenclamide	Serious adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#8	Gliclazide SR	Hypoglycemia events			Mixed	1
#9	Glimepiride	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#10	Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	Adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1

Rank #1

Hypoglycemia events

Dapagliflozin

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #2

Renal and urinary disorders incidence

Dapagliflozin

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #3

Hypoglycemia events

Dapagliflozin Gliclazide combination

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #4

Hypoglycemia events

Empagliflozin

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #5

Hyperkalemia

Finerenone

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #6

Hypoglycemia events

Glibenclamide

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #7

Serious adverse events incidence

Glibenclamide

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #8

Hypoglycemia events

Gliclazide SR

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Rank #9

Hypoglycemia events

Glimepiride

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #10

Adverse events incidence

Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Practical Questions

Which interventions are most often studied for Safety?

most studied

Based on 6 evidence relationships across 6 studies

Outcomes:

Hypoglycemia eventsRenal and urinary disorders incidenceSerious adverse events incidenceAdverse events incidence

Interventions:

DapagliflozinGlibenclamideGlimepiride + voglibose + metformin

Which interventions need more research for Safety?

research gaps

Based on 3 evidence relationships across 4 studies

Outcomes:

Renal and urinary disorders incidenceHypoglycemia events

Interventions:

DapagliflozinEmpagliflozinMetformin + glimepiride

How does Dapagliflozin compare with Xiaoke for Safety?

compare

Based on 2 evidence relationships across 2 studies

Outcomes:

Renal and urinary disorders incidenceHypoglycemia events

Interventions:

DapagliflozinXiaoke

Evidence Landscape

Evidence landscape

Each bubble represents an evidence relationship. Position shows effectiveness and strength; size reflects study volume.

Limited evidence

Promising

Reliable

High impact

Lower Evidence Strength→Higher Evidence Strength

Lower Effectiveness→Higher Effectiveness

Explore by Intervention

Intervention	Pairs	Research	Avg Strength
Dapagliflozin	2	2	53
Metformin + glimepiride	2	2	37
Dapagliflozin Gliclazide combination	1	1	-
Empagliflozin	1	1	29
Finerenone	1	1	31
Glibenclamide	2	1	32
Gliclazide SR	1	1	-
Glimepiride	1	1	34
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	2	1	35
Hybrid closed Loop system	1	1	37
Insulin degludec	1	1	44
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	1	1	45
Mediterranean ketogenic diet	1	1	33
Metformin	1	1	34
Multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention for type 2 diabetes remission	1	1	42
Needle Free injection	2	1	38
Remote Educational Program	1	1	35
Semaglutide	2	1	34
Systemic steroid therapy	1	1	39
Teplizumab	1	1	18
Tirzepatide	2	1	30
Voglibose + metformin	2	1	35
Xiaoke	2	1	42

Latest Research

Home telemedicine may improve HbA1c in older adults with type 2 diabetes

Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: May 30, 2026

int-remote-educational-program

out-serious-adverse-events-incidence

Switching to tirzepatide from dulaglutide improved HbA1c and weight across baseline characteristics

Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: May 30, 2026

int-tirzepatide

out-adverse-events-incidenceout-gastrointestinal-disorders-incidence

Mediterranean ketogenic eating matched VLCKD for weight loss over 3 months

Study Type: non-randomized-clinical-trial-non-rctPublished: May 27, 2026

int-mediterranean-ketogenic-diet

out-serum-creatinine

Dapagliflozin plus gliclazide combination improves blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes

Published: May 26, 2026

int-dapagliflozinint-dapagliflozin-gliclazide-combination

out-hypoglycemia-events

Finerenone reduces cardiovascular and kidney disease risk in type 2 diabetes

Study Type: systematic-reviewPublished: May 16, 2026

int-finerenone

out-hyperkalemia

Newer diabetes drugs show stronger weight and blood sugar benefits in prediabetes

Study Type: meta-analysisPublished: May 16, 2026

int-dapagliflozin

out-renal-urinary-disorders-incidence

Hybrid closed-loop artificial pancreas system improves blood sugar control better than insulin injections in hospitalized type 1 diabetes

Study Type: non-randomized-clinical-trial-non-rctPublished: May 15, 2026

int-hybrid-closed-loop-system

out-hypoglycemia-events

Early insulin degludec with IV insulin infusion speeds DKA resolution by 3.25 hours without increasing hypoglycaemia risk

Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: May 13, 2026

int-insulin-degludec

out-hypoglycemia-events

Needle-free insulin injection improves blood sugar control and reduces pain in hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients

Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: May 7, 2026

int-needle-free-injection

out-hypoglycemia-eventsout-injection-site-adverse-events

Triple combination therapy lowered HbA1c more than dual therapy in type 2 diabetes

Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: May 6, 2026

int-glimepiride-voglibose-metformin-therapyint-metformin-plus-glimepiride-combination

out-adverse-events-incidenceout-hypoglycemia-events

Full Evidence Table

Showing 32 of 32 evidence pairs

Intervention	Outcome	Effectiveness	Strength	Consistency	Studies
Dapagliflozin	Hypoglycemia events			Unclear	1
Dapagliflozin	Renal and urinary disorders incidence	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Dapagliflozin Gliclazide combination	Hypoglycemia events			Unclear	1
Empagliflozin	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Finerenone	Hyperkalemia	Moderate Negative	Weak	Unclear	1
Glibenclamide	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Negative	Weak	Unclear	1
Glibenclamide	Serious adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Gliclazide SR	Hypoglycemia events			Mixed	1
Glimepiride	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	Adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Hybrid closed Loop system	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Insulin degludec	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Mediterranean ketogenic diet	Serum creatinine	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Metformin	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Metformin + glimepiride	Adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Metformin + glimepiride	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Consistent	2
Multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention for type 2 diabetes remission	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Injection Site adverse events	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Remote Educational Program	Serious adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Semaglutide	Diabetic ketoacidosis	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Semaglutide	Severe hypoglycemia	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Systemic steroid therapy	Adverse events incidence	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Teplizumab	Adverse events incidence	Moderate Negative	Insufficient	Unclear	1
Tirzepatide	Adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Tirzepatide	Gastrointestinal disorders incidence	Moderate Negative	Weak	Unclear	1
Voglibose + metformin	Adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Voglibose + metformin	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Xiaoke	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Xiaoke	Serious adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1

Intervention → Outcome

Dapagliflozin → Hypoglycemia events

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Dapagliflozin → Renal and urinary disorders incidence

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Dapagliflozin Gliclazide combination → Hypoglycemia events

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Empagliflozin → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Finerenone → Hyperkalemia

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glibenclamide → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glibenclamide → Serious adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Gliclazide SR → Hypoglycemia events

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → Adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Hybrid closed Loop system → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin degludec → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Mediterranean ketogenic diet → Serum creatinine

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin + glimepiride → Adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin + glimepiride → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention for type 2 diabetes remission → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Injection Site adverse events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Remote Educational Program → Serious adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → Diabetic ketoacidosis

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → Severe hypoglycemia

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Systemic steroid therapy → Adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Teplizumab → Adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Insufficient

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Tirzepatide → Adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Tirzepatide → Gastrointestinal disorders incidence

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Voglibose + metformin → Adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Voglibose + metformin → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Xiaoke → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Xiaoke → Serious adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies