Weekly evidence changelog

What Changed This Week

Week of July 20-26, 2026Generated Jul 22, 2026

A weekly summary of studies, interventions, outcomes, and evidence relationships added to Dediabetes.

Changes reflect content added to Dediabetes during this week and may include studies published earlier.

643
New Studies
3,268
New Evidence Relationships
391
New Interventions
1,113
New Outcomes
0
Evidence Upgrades
0
Evidence Downgrades

Featured

Notable Changes

The most notable evidence graph changes detected in this weekly snapshot.

Notable Change

Unknown intervention -> Unknown outcome

New study added to the Dediabetes evidence system.

0 new supporting studies0 total supporting studies
Notable Change

whey protein 20g -> Insulin resistance

Diet and NutritionMetabolic Health

Diet and Nutrition · Metabolic Health

New evidence relationship detected from studies added this week.

1 new supporting study1 total supporting study
Notable Change

whey protein 20g -> lipid profiles

Diet and NutritionMetabolic Health

Diet and Nutrition · Metabolic Health

New evidence relationship detected from studies added this week.

1 new supporting study1 total supporting study
Notable Change

whey protein 20g -> Muscular strength

Diet and NutritionMetabolic Health

Diet and Nutrition · Metabolic Health

New evidence relationship detected from studies added this week.

1 new supporting study1 total supporting study

New relationships

New Evidence Relationships

Showing the top 10 relationships first from content added to Dediabetes during this week.

New Evidence Relationship

whey protein 20g -> Insulin resistance

Diet and NutritionMetabolic Health

Diet and Nutrition · Metabolic Health

New evidence relationship detected from studies added this week.

1 new supporting study1 total supporting study
New Evidence Relationship

whey protein 20g -> lipid profiles

Diet and NutritionMetabolic Health

Diet and Nutrition · Metabolic Health

New evidence relationship detected from studies added this week.

1 new supporting study1 total supporting study
New Evidence Relationship

whey protein 20g -> Muscular strength

Diet and NutritionMetabolic Health

Diet and Nutrition · Metabolic Health

New evidence relationship detected from studies added this week.

1 new supporting study1 total supporting study
New Evidence Relationship

40% dextrose gel (200 mg/kg) -> Rate of admission for hypoglycaemia

MedicationsSafety

Medications · Safety

New evidence relationship detected from studies added this week.

1 new supporting study1 total supporting study
New Evidence Relationship

40% dextrose gel (200 mg/kg) -> Rate of breastfeeding at 6 weeks

MedicationsClinical Outcomes

Medications · Clinical Outcomes

New evidence relationship detected from studies added this week.

1 new supporting study1 total supporting study
New Evidence Relationship

40% dextrose gel (200 mg/kg) -> Rate of breastfeeding at discharge

MedicationsClinical Outcomes

Medications · Clinical Outcomes

New evidence relationship detected from studies added this week.

1 new supporting study1 total supporting study
New Evidence Relationship

40% dextrose gel (200 mg/kg) -> Incidence of hypoglycaemia

MedicationsSafety

Medications · Safety

New evidence relationship detected from studies added this week.

1 new supporting study1 total supporting study
New Evidence Relationship

40% dextrose gel (200 mg/kg) -> Number of NICU admissions

MedicationsClinical Outcomes

Medications · Clinical Outcomes

New evidence relationship detected from studies added this week.

1 new supporting study1 total supporting study
New Evidence Relationship

40% dextrose gel (400 mg/kg) -> Rate of admission for hypoglycaemia

MedicationsSafety

Medications · Safety

New evidence relationship detected from studies added this week.

1 new supporting study1 total supporting study
New Evidence Relationship

40% dextrose gel (400 mg/kg) -> Rate of breastfeeding at 6 weeks

MedicationsClinical Outcomes

Medications · Clinical Outcomes

New evidence relationship detected from studies added this week.

1 new supporting study1 total supporting study

Studies

New Studies Added

Studies added to the Dediabetes evidence system during this weekly snapshot.

Randomized Controlled TrialAdded Jul 22, 2026

Empagliflozin may reduce kidney disease biomarkers but shows mixed effects on albumin in early diabetes

This study tested the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in 79 people with type 2 diabetes and early kidney disease over 24 weeks. While empagliflozin showed early improvements in albumin excretion at 4 and 12 weeks, the difference was not significant by 24 weeks. However, it did reduce certain hypoxia-related proteins in the blood that may contribute to kidney damage.

EmpagliflozinSerum ANGPTL2Serum ANGPTL4+4 more
Randomized controlled trialAdded Jul 22, 2026

Carob concentrate may improve blood sugar markers in prediabetes

This trial tested a carob-based liquid concentrate in people with confirmed prediabetes. After 90 days, the supplement group had better HbA1c, glucose responses, and insulin-related markers than the placebo group, with no adverse effects reported.

Carob liquid concentrateAdverse events incidenceFasting blood sugar (FBS)+6 more
Quasi-experimental studyAdded Jul 22, 2026

Community lifestyle programme improves multiple diabetes risk factors in adults with prediabetes

This study tested a community lifestyle programme for adults with prediabetes in Malaysia. After 12 months, people in the programme had lower blood sugar, better cholesterol, smaller waists, and improved quality of life compared to those receiving usual care. The programme was delivered through existing community volunteers.

Lifestyle intervention for prediabetes2-hour plasma glucoseBody weight+7 more
Secondary analysis of a cluster-randomised controlled trialAdded Jul 22, 2026

Engagement in a prediabetes education programme is linked to lower type 2 diabetes risk

This study looked at whether attending more sessions of a diabetes prevention programme helped lower type 2 diabetes risk. People who went to all sessions had an 88% lower risk of developing diabetes compared to those receiving standard care. However, fewer than 1 in 3 people attended all sessions.

Lifestyle intervention for prediabetes2-hour plasma glucoseAnxiety score+7 more
Pooled IPD analysis of three randomised controlled trialsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Intensive lifestyle programme cuts type 2 diabetes risk by 57% in European prediabetes trial

This study combined data from three European trials of lifestyle programmes for people with prediabetes. The lifestyle programme cut diabetes risk by 57% overall, and those who lost 5% or more of their body weight in the first year had a 65% lower risk. Keeping the weight off for longer led to even greater protection.

Lifestyle intervention for prediabetesBody weightType 2 diabetes incidence
Non-randomized interventional follow-up analysisAdded Jul 22, 2026

Lifestyle programme linked to lasting weight loss in some adults at high diabetes risk

This study followed adults at high risk of type 2 diabetes after a primary-care lifestyle programme in Poland. Among the 105 people with complete 3-year follow-up, many lost weight during the intervention and a smaller subgroup kept that weight off afterward. Because there was no concurrent control group in this analysis, the findings should be interpreted cautiously.

Lifestyle intervention for prediabetesBody fat massBody weight+3 more
Randomised controlled trialAdded Jul 22, 2026

Postnatal lifestyle programme prevents weight gain after gestational diabetes

This study tested a lifestyle programme for new mothers who had gestational diabetes, to help prevent later type 2 diabetes. Women in the programme maintained their weight while those receiving usual care gained weight over 12 months. However, most women did not fully participate in the programme, and there were no clear improvements in waist size or blood sugar.

Lifestyle intervention for prediabetesBody weightDepression score+2 more
non_randomized_trialAdded Jul 22, 2026

Resistance training improves 2-hour glucose tolerance in older adults with prediabetes, depending on phenotype

This study tested whether prediabetes type affects how well resistance training improves blood sugar handling. 159 older adults with prediabetes did supervised strength training twice weekly for 12 weeks. 2-hour glucose tolerance improved in those with impaired glucose tolerance, but not in those with isolated impaired fasting glucose.

Resistance training2-hour plasma glucoseBody fat mass+6 more
Non-randomized controlled trialAdded Jul 22, 2026

Wearable-supported exercise guidance may improve walking capacity in type 2 diabetes

This study tested monthly physiotherapist-led exercise guidance supported by wearable device feedback in people with type 2 diabetes, including diabetic kidney disease. Over six months, the intervention group walked farther and had lower HbA1c than the standard care group, while kidney filtration did not clearly change.

Exercise therapy6-minute walk distanceAdverse events incidence+4 more
Randomized controlled trialAdded Jul 22, 2026

Mediterranean diet lowers gestational diabetes risk in pregnant women

This randomized trial tested an early Mediterranean diet intervention during pregnancy. Women assigned to extra virgin olive oil and pistachios had fewer gestational diabetes diagnoses and better several maternal and neonatal outcomes than women given standard low-fat diet advice.

Mediterranean dietEmergency cesarean section rateFasting blood sugar (FBS)+7 more
Randomized controlled trialAdded Jul 22, 2026

Oxygen-enriched water may modestly lower HbA1c in type 2 diabetes

This 12-week trial tested oxygen-enriched ELO water as an add-on therapy in adults with type 2 diabetes. HbA1c fell modestly in the ELO group, especially by week 6 compared with placebo, but fasting glucose and body weight did not clearly improve.

Oxygen-enriched waterAdverse events incidenceBody weight+3 more
Cluster-Randomized Controlled TrialAdded Jul 22, 2026

Peer-support lifestyle program reduces diabetes risk factors but not diabetes incidence in high-risk Indians

This cluster-randomized trial tested a community-based peer-support lifestyle program in 1,007 high-risk Indian adults. The program improved diet, reduced alcohol use, and enhanced physical functioning, but the 14.9% vs 17.1% reduction in diabetes incidence was not statistically significant.

Peer-support lifestyle programAlcohol useFruit and vegetable intake+3 more
Randomized controlled trialAdded Jul 22, 2026

Resistance training may help reverse prediabetes and improve strength

This trial tested whether adults with prediabetes could start and maintain resistance training. After a supervised 3-month training phase, about one-third of participants were no longer prediabetic, and this was mostly maintained through 15 months. Extra social-cognitive support did not outperform lower-contact standard care.

Behavioral counselingResistance training2-hour plasma glucose+7 more
Randomized controlled trialAdded Jul 22, 2026

Tadalafil may shift neurodegeneration biomarkers in type 2 diabetes

This small trial analysis tested daily tadalafil in people with type 2 diabetes. Tadalafil lowered some blood biomarkers related to amyloid metabolism and astroglial activation, but it did not change several other brain-related biomarkers.

TadalafilAmyloid-β 40Amyloid-β 42+7 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Synbiotics improve health in elderly with diabetes

This study evaluated the effects of a multi-species synbiotic preparation on metabolic profiles in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk, finding significant reductions in weight, cholesterol, and glucose levels.

Synchronous online type 1 diabetes psychoeducational program for school staffBody Mass Index (BMI) changeBody fat mass (BFM) change+6 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Daqing Diabetes Prevention Study II

The Daqing Diabetes Prevention Study II investigated the effectiveness of different lifestyle interventions on diabetes risk among adults in China. Results regarding the effectiveness of these interventions remain unclear.

Complex lifestyle interventionDigital-based lifestyle interventionUsual care+7 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

iGlarLixi improves glycemic control and reduces insulin injections in type 2 diabetes

This study evaluated the effectiveness of insulin glargine-lixisenatide fixed-ratio combination (iGlarLixi) in individuals with type 2 diabetes. It found significant improvements in body weight, BMI, and insulin dosage compared to multiple daily injections (MDI).

Insulin glargine/lixisenatide fixed-ratio combination (iGlarLixi)Body Mass Index (BMI) changeGlycemia risk index+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Lifestyle changes may improve diabetes remission rates

This study evaluated the effects of a one-year lifestyle intervention on type 2 diabetes patients who achieved remission, finding significant improvements in various metabolic parameters.

Complex lifestyle interventionBody Mass Index (BMI) changeDiabetic ketoacidosis+13 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Machine Learning Improves Glycemic Event Prediction in Diabetes

This study explored a machine learning framework for predicting postprandial glycemic events in individuals with Type 1 Diabetes, demonstrating reductions in both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia incidences.

Insulin adjustment moduleBlood glucosePostprandial hyperglycemia incidence+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Raw cinnamon reduces post-meal glucose spikes in diabetes

This study investigated the acute effects of raw cinnamon on post-meal glucose spikes in type 2 diabetes patients, finding that cinnamon in water reduced glucose spikes while capsules did not.

Raw cinnamon capsulesRaw cinnamon powderC-peptide incremental area under the curve (iAUC)+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Tighter glycaemic targets may reduce serious infant morbidity

This study evaluated the impact of tighter glycaemic control in women with gestational diabetes. It found a reduction in serious health outcomes for infants but an increase in serious maternal health outcomes.

Less tight glycemic controlTighter glycemic controlComposite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization)+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

BL21 Probiotic Improves Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BL21 as an adjunctive therapy to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes, finding a significant reduction in HbA1c levels.

Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BL21C-reactive proteinFasting blood sugar (FBS)+7 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

DSNF-Pro improves glycemic control in prediabetes

The study evaluated the effects of a diabetes-specific nutritional formula (DSNF-Pro) on postprandial glycemic control in prediabetic participants, finding significant reductions in glucose and c-peptide levels compared to a standard formula.

Diabetes-specific nutritional formula-pro (DSNF-Pro)C-peptide incremental area under the curve (iAUC)Glucose iAUC (OGTT)+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

High-dose vitamin D3 does not improve insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes

This study investigated the effects of high-dose Vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin resistance and glycaemic control in adult males with type 2 diabetes. It found no significant differences in key metabolic outcomes between the intervention and placebo groups.

Vitamin D supplementationBMIFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

iDegLira improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes

Switching from premixed insulin to the insulin glargine/lixisenatide fixed-ratio combination (iGlarLixi) improved glycemic control in participants with type 2 diabetes.

Insulin glargine/lixisenatide fixed-ratio combination (iGlarLixi)Body weightDiabetes-related misconceptions+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Mulberry Twig Alkaloids Improve Glycemic Variability in Type 2 Diabetes

This study evaluated the effects of mulberry twig alkaloids combined with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on glycemic variability in type 2 diabetes patients, finding significant improvements in several glycemic metrics.

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusionInsulin pump plus Mulberry twig extract therapyBlood glucose+8 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Semaglutide with Insulin Improves Diabetes Control and Kidney Health

This study evaluated the effects of semaglutide combined with insulin therapy on glycemic control and renal function in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in several metabolic parameters.

Insulin therapy24-Hour Urinary Protein (24hUpr)Adverse events incidence+10 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Taichi training improves lung function and blood sugar control in diabetes

This study investigated the impact of 24-week Taichi training on pulmonary diffusion capacity and glycemic control in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, finding significant improvements in several health markers.

Taichi plus resistance band trainingTaichi trainingEndothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS)+10 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Carnosine improves depressive symptoms in diabetes

This study investigated the effects of carnosine supplementation on depressive symptoms in individuals with prediabetes and well-controlled type 2 diabetes, finding a significant reduction in depressive symptoms.

Curcumin supplementationHealth-related quality of lifeTotal PHQ-8 score
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Dietary supplements may lower diabetes risk in prediabetes

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplements on the risk of developing diabetes in individuals with prediabetes, finding that certain interventions reduced progression to overt diabetes.

Curcumin plus fish oilCurcumin plus fish oil and vitamin D2-hour plasma glucose+6 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

EDC-HHA01 Improves Glycemic Control in Adults with Prediabetes

This randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of the dietary supplement EDC-HHA01 on metabolic health, finding significant reductions in HbA1c and insulin levels compared to placebo.

Synbiotic Formulation EDC-HHA01Exploratory patient-reported measuresFasting insulin levels+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Probiotic improves metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetes patients

This study evaluated the effects of a multi-strain probiotic formula on inflammation, metabolism, and gut microbiota in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, finding significant reductions in several inflammatory markers and metabolic indicators.

Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic)Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)HbA1c+8 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Coriander Seed Improves Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes

This study investigated the effects of coriander seed supplementation on glycemic indices and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes, finding significant reductions in several health markers.

Coriander seed powderFasting blood sugar (FBS)Fasting insulin levels+6 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

DSPS Improves Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes

The study evaluated the impact of a diabetes-specific protein supplement (DSPS) as a partial breakfast replacement on glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes, finding significant reductions in postprandial glucose levels.

Diabetes-specific nutritional formula-pro (DSNF-Pro)Isocaloric control breakfastGlucose iAUC (OGTT)+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Fish oil improves lipid profiles in type 2 diabetes patients

This study examined the effects of fish oil-derived omega-3 fatty acids on gut microbiota and serum lipid metabolites in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The fish oil group showed significant improvements in various metabolic markers compared to the corn oil control group.

Fish oilAbundance of ColidextribacterAbundance of Desulfobacterota+13 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Myrtle Syrup Improves Proteinuria in Type 2 Diabetes

This study investigated the effect of myrtle syrup on proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes, finding a significant decrease in urine protein levels compared to placebo.

Myrtle syrupBlood urea nitrogen (BUN)Fasting blood sugar (FBS)+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Probiotics may improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes

This study investigated the effects of multispecies probiotic supplementation on glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes over 24 weeks, finding significant reductions in HbA1c and increases in HDL-c.

Multispecies probiotic supplementationBlood glucoseHDL cholesterol+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Whole-grain intake boosts vitamin D in pre-diabetics

This study investigated the impact of whole-grain intake on vitamin D levels in pre-diabetic individuals, finding improvements with both 50g and 100g daily interventions.

Whole-grain dietary intervention (100g/day)Whole-grain dietary intervention (50g/day)Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Pharmacotherapy may achieve diabetes remission

This study evaluated the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for achieving diabetes remission. It found that both intervention and control groups had patients in remission, with notable weight loss in the intervention group.

Liraglutide, Dapagliflozin, and MetforminMetformin + glimepirideBMI+6 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Triple therapy improves outcomes in type 2 diabetes management

This study evaluated the efficacy and durability of initial combination therapies for Type 2 Diabetes, finding that initial triple therapy showed lower liver fat content compared to sequential therapy.

MetforminSequential addition of metformin followed by glipizide and insulin glargineCarotid intima-media thickness (cIMT)+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Metformin use does not worsen GI symptoms with GLP-1RA

This study evaluated the impact of concomitant metformin use on gastrointestinal adverse events during GLP-1 receptor agonist initiation, finding no increase in adverse events.

MetforminAdverse events incidenceGastrointestinal disorders incidence
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Metformin DR enhances glycemic control in T2D patients.

This study evaluated the effects of metformin delayed-release on glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes, showing significant reductions in HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose compared to placebo.

MetforminAdverse events incidenceFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Date seed powder improves diabetes management

The study evaluated the effects of date seed powder supplementation on glycemic control and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes patients, finding significant improvements in various metabolic markers.

Date Seed Powder (DSP) carboxymethyl-lysine (CML)C-reactive protein+12 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Oral semaglutide improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes

This study compared the efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide to sitagliptin in adults with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes. Results indicated that oral semaglutide led to significantly greater reductions in HbA1c and body weight.

SemaglutideSitagliptinBody weight+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Dapagliflozin improves metabolic outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients

This study compared the effects of dapagliflozin and vitamin E in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in several metabolic parameters with dapagliflozin.

DapagliflozinASTAlanine Aminotransferase (ALT)+9 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Vitamin C may reduce oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes patients.

This study investigated the effects of Vitamin C supplementation on oxidative stress markers in patients with type 2 diabetes, finding significant reductions in malondialdehyde and advanced glycation end products.

Vitamin D supplementationAdvanced glycation end products (AGEs)Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP)+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Vitamin D may reduce inflammation in type 2 diabetes

This study investigated the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on inflammation in type 2 diabetes patients, finding significant reductions in various inflammatory markers.

Vitamin D supplementationPlatelet activationSerum CCL-11+12 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Vitamin K4 improves insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes

This study investigated the effects of Vitamin K4 supplementation on insulin resistance and triglyceride levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes and found significant improvements.

Vitamin D supplementationDiabetes medication use changeFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Co-supplementation improves mental health in women with pre-diabetes

This study investigated the effects of omega-3 and vitamin D co-supplementation on mental health and sleep quality in women with pre-diabetes and low vitamin D levels, finding significant improvements in depression, anxiety, stress, sleep quality, and vitamin D levels.

Vitamin D supplementationAnxiety scoreDepression score+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Magnesium from Deep Seawater Improves Insulin Resistance

This study investigated the effects of magnesium-containing deep seawater mineral extracts on insulin resistance in patients with impaired glucose tolerance, showing improvements in several insulin-related markers.

Deep seawater mineral extracts containing Mg 2+C-peptideC-peptide incremental area under the curve (iAUC)+8 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Omega-3 improves periodontal health and glycemic control in diabetes

This study examined the effects of omega-3 fatty acids as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal therapy in periodontitis patients with type II diabetes, finding significant improvements in various clinical parameters.

Omega-3 Fatty Acid SupplementationClinical attachment levelGCF Chemerin+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Probiotic Supplementation Improves Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes

This study investigated the impact of a multi-strain probiotic supplement on various health outcomes in individuals with Type 2 diabetes, finding significant reductions in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, and total cholesterol.

Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic)Adiposity indicesFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Sitagliptin with Metformin Improves Metabolic Health

This study evaluated the effects of sitagliptin plus metformin therapy on metabolic profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD, finding significant improvements in various metabolic markers.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitorsMetforminAlanine Aminotransferase (ALT)+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Vitamin D improves inflammatory factors in type 2 diabetes patients

This study investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory factors in patients with type 2 diabetes, finding significant reductions in certain inflammatory markers.

Standard type 2 diabetes medication treatment, unspecifiedVitamin D supplementationGlutathione (GSH)+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Canagliflozin with metformin reduces cardiovascular risk in T2DM

This study evaluated the effects of canagliflozin combined with metformin on cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, finding a significant reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events.

Canagliflozin combined with MetforminMetformin combined with PlaceboAdverse events incidence+12 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Ertugliflozin improves cardiac function in type 2 diabetes

The study evaluated the effects of ertugliflozin on cardiac function in individuals with type 2 diabetes and pre-heart failure, finding significant improvements in certain cardiac metrics.

ErtugliflozinAdverse events incidenceGlobal longitudinal strain+10 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Finerenone reduces heart and kidney event risk in CKD and T2D

This study evaluated the effects of finerenone on heart and kidney events in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes, finding significant reductions in event rates compared to placebo.

Finerenone (nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist)Adverse events incidenceComposite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization)+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

High-Dose Vaccine Reduces Hospitalizations in Older Adults with Diabetes

This study compared high-dose and standard-dose influenza vaccines in older adults with diabetes, finding that HD-IIV reduced hospitalizations for various diseases.

High-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV)Standard-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (SD-IIV)Hospitalization for any cardiorespiratory disease+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Intensified intervention reduces retinopathy onset in type 2 diabetes

The J-DOIT3 trial analyzed the effects of intensified multifactorial intervention on glycemic management in type 2 diabetes, finding that intensive therapy reduced the risk of retinopathy onset.

Telephone-based lifestyle education for gestational diabetes preventionDiabetic retinopathy incidenceLoss of vision likely due to retinopathy+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

SGLT2 inhibitors reduce cardiovascular events in diabetes

This study compared the real-world effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP4 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, finding that SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with lower risks of major adverse cardiovascular events.

SGLT2 inhibitorsAll-cause mortalityComposite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization)+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Telehealth SMS improves statin adherence

Telehealth through SMS reminders significantly improved statin adherence and reduced cholesterol levels in patients with diabetes.

SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotionAdherence rate (MARS-5)All-cause mortality+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Ticagrelor monotherapy reduces bleeding in diabetic ACS patients

This study evaluated ticagrelor monotherapy after 3 months of dual antiplatelet therapy in diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome, finding no significant difference in major adverse cardiovascular events.

AspirinTicagrelor monotherapy after 3 months of DAPTBleeding events+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Clazakizumab reduces hs-CRP in diabetes patients

This study evaluated the impact of Clazakizumab on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in patients with cardiovascular disease and diabetes, finding significant decreases in hs-CRP levels with treatment.

ClazakizumabC-reactive proteinProportion of subjects with hs-CRP < 2 mg/L+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Finerenone reduces hypokalaemia risk in CKD and T2D patients.

The study evaluated the effect of Finerenone on hypokalaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes, finding a significant reduction in incidence compared to placebo.

Finerenone (nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist)Arrhythmia composite outcomeComposite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization)+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Icosapent ethyl reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with CKM syndrome

The Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial demonstrated that Icosapent ethyl significantly reduced cardiovascular events compared to placebo.

Icosapent ethylAbsolute cardiovascular risk reductionComposite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization)+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Semaglutide reduces cardiovascular risks in type 2 diabetes with CKD

The FLOW trial investigated the effects of semaglutide on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease, revealing significant reductions in cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke.

SemaglutideAll-cause mortalityComposite of CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Mebix App Improves Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes

This study evaluated the app-based intervention Mebix for individuals with Type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in HbA1c levels, weight loss, and diabetes-related distress compared to a placebo app.

Digital-based lifestyle interventionHbA1cStress+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

mHealth app improves health status and self-efficacy in type 2 diabetes

This study examined the effects of a mobile health low-carbohydrate dietary application on psychosocial outcomes in individuals with Type 2 diabetes, finding improvements in perceived health status and self-efficacy.

Low-carbohydrate dietChange in self-reported perceived health statusDiabetes self-management behaviors+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

mHealth intervention shows no significant effect on UPF consumption in T2DM

The HAPPY Trial investigated the impact of a mobile health dietary education intervention on ultra-processed food consumption in individuals with type 2 diabetes, finding no significant effect.

mHealth dietary education interventionPercentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intakeUPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

mHealth support reduces diabetes-related health care visits

This study evaluated the impact of mHealth-augmented social support on healthcare use among diabetes patients, finding reductions in acute care visits for the intervention group.

Control (Usual Activity)SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotionHospitalizations+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

REDCHiP intervention reduces diabetes distress in parents

The REDCHiP study aimed to reduce emotional distress in parents of children with hypoglycemia through a behavioral intervention. Results showed slight improvements in parental fear and distress, but none were statistically significant.

Reducing Emotional Distress for Childhood Hypoglycemia in Parents (REDCHiP)Diabetes distress scoresHbA1c+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Telemedicine improves glucose control in nursing home residents with diabetes.

This study evaluated the impact of remote insulin dose adjustment using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on glucose control in nursing home residents with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The intervention group showed significant improvements in glucose metrics compared to standard care.

Continuous glucose monitoringStandard care with capillary blood glucose monitoringChange in mean daily insulin units from baseline+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Telemonitoring improves glycemic control in pediatric diabetes

This study evaluated the effectiveness of telemonitoring for diabetes management in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. The telecounseling group showed significantly better outcomes compared to the standard care group.

Group MeetingUsual careDiabetic ketoacidosis+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

mHealth social support improves diabetes self-management

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a mobile health social support program for diabetes management in emergency department patients, finding significant improvements in HbA1c levels.

Peer-support lifestyle programHbA1cImprovement in glycemic control for newly diagnosed patients+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Peer-Created Videos Improve Psychological Outcomes in Type 1 Diabetes

This study evaluated the impact of peer-created digital storytelling videos on psychological outcomes in individuals with Type 1 diabetes. Significant improvements in diabetes distress, burnout, and depressive symptoms were observed in the intervention group.

Digital storytelling behavioral interventionUsual careDepression score+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Three-tiered management improves diabetes control

The study evaluated a three-tiered linkage management model for T2DM, finding significant improvements in glycemic control and self-management.

Structured multidisciplinary case managementDiabetes self-management behaviorsFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

DiabeText improves diabetes self-management and quality of life

The DiabeText study evaluated a mobile health intervention for diabetes self-management, finding significant improvements in quality of life and self-efficacy but no changes in HbA1c levels.

DiabeTextAdherence to Mediterranean diet measured using MEDAS-14Diabetes management self-efficacy+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Digital intervention improves metabolic health in schizophrenia

This study evaluated the preliminary efficacy of a digital intervention, SMART, aimed at improving metabolic health in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, showing significant improvements in various health-related outcomes.

Mobile app for diabetes self-managementDiabetes self-management behaviorsGeneral Health Management Improvement+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Greenhabit app improves diabetes outcomes in adults

This study evaluated the Greenhabit mobile app for enhancing self-management in type 2 diabetes. Results showed significant improvements in several health metrics compared to standard care.

Mobile app for diabetes self-managementBMIBody weight+10 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Online Low GI Diet Improves Diabetes Management

This study evaluated the effectiveness of an online low glycemic index diet for managing type 2 diabetes, showing significant improvements in several health markers.

Low glycemic index treatment (LGIT)BMIHDL cholesterol+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Diabetes APP may improve blood glucose control in T2DM patients

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a diabetes app for blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes. It found that while the app did not significantly improve HbA1c or BMI, it was associated with lower systolic blood pressure and high participant satisfaction.

Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-careTelephone Follow-UpUsual care+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

mHealth education improves quality of life in T2DM patients

This study validated the Chinese Version of the Diabetes Health Profile Scale and assessed its impact on quality of life in Type 2 diabetes patients, finding significant differences in quality of life based on mHealth education intervention.

Remote multiprofessional educational programDiabetes management self-efficacyPsychological Distress+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Mobile Health App Shows Noninferiority for Diabetes Management

This study evaluated the noninferiority of the acT1ve mobile health app for managing exercise in young people with Type 1 diabetes, finding similar rates of hypoglycemia before and during app use.

GDM-DH mobile app (Garbhakalin Diabetes athawa Madhumeha-Dhulikhel Hospital)Overall perceived quality of the acT1ve appPercentage of time spent above 10.0 mmol/L+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Mobile health intervention improves kidney function in diabetes

This study evaluated the impact of the DialBetesPlus mobile health intervention on diabetic kidney disease, finding significant improvements in urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio and HDL-C levels.

DialBetesPlus mobile health interventionBMIDiastolic blood pressure+6 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

REDCHiP intervention reduces hypoglycemia fear in parents

The REDCHiP pilot study aimed to reduce emotional distress in parents managing childhood hypoglycemia. Results indicated mixed effectiveness in applying coping strategies.

Reducing Emotional Distress for Childhood Hypoglycemia in Parents (REDCHiP)Challenges in Consistently Applying REDCHiP StrategiesFrequency of Coping Strategies Used by Parents to Manage Hypoglycemia Fear+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Smartphone dietary education may lower fat intake in type 2 diabetes

This study evaluated the impact of a smartphone-based dietary education intervention on diet quality and cardiometabolic risk markers in individuals with type 2 diabetes, revealing significant reductions in fat intake and triglyceride levels.

mHealth dietary education interventionDaily intake of saturated fat in gramsDaily intake of unsaturated fat in grams+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Text Messaging Improves Diabetes Management

A pharmacist-driven text messaging intervention was studied to improve diabetes self-management in uninsured patients, resulting in a significant reduction in HbA1c levels.

SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotionHbA1cProportion achieving HbA1c <7.0%
Non-randomized CTAdded Jul 22, 2026

Text Messaging Support Improves Postpartum Care for IGT Patients

The BRIDGE study evaluated a text messaging support program for postpartum care in women with impaired glucose tolerance, finding significant improvements in follow-up care.

SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotionCompletion of HbA1c testing by 1 year postpartumCompletion of HbA1c testing by 12 weeks postpartum+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Mobile app improves diabetes self-management education

This study evaluated the effects of the DM2CUA mobile app on diabetes self-management in adults with Type 2 Diabetes, showing improvements in self-management and distress scores.

Mobile app for diabetes self-managementDiabetes Distress Scale scoreDiabetes self-management behaviors+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Smartphone apps improve oral health and glycemic control in diabetes

This study examined the effects of smartphone applications on oral hygiene and glycemic control in diabetic patients, finding significant improvements in HbA1c levels and oral health behaviors.

Smartphone applications for oral hygiene and glycemic controlDental Neglect Scale ScoreHbA1c+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Telehealth intervention improves diabetes management

This study explored participant perspectives on a comprehensive telehealth intervention for diabetes management, highlighting areas of effectiveness and improvement.

Integrated multidisciplinary diabetes and kidney care programAreas for improvement in telehealth componentsDiet and activity support effectiveness+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Telemedicine support improves diabetes control

A study found that combining telephone coaching with telemedicine support significantly improved long-term glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Lifestyle intervention for prediabetesBMIHbA1c
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Text Messaging Improves Patient-Reported Outcomes in Diabetes Care

This study evaluated the impact of a text messaging intervention on patient-reported outcomes in individuals with Type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in various health-related measures.

SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotionDiabetes knowledgeDiabetes management self-efficacy+7 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Texting System Improves Diabetes Self-Management for Veterans

This study developed two automated texting systems aimed at improving diabetes self-management. Findings indicated that a significant portion of messages were rated as relevant and confidence-enhancing.

DSMESConfidence-enhancing message ratingCustomization preference for message frequency+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

mHealth intervention reduces diabetes distress in families

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Remedy to Diabetes Distress (R2D2) intervention for families of children with Type 1 Diabetes, finding significant reductions in diabetes distress for parents and children.

mHealth diabetes support interventionChild satisfaction score regarding diabetes interventionDiabetes-related misconceptions+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Mobile Health Improves Diabetes Self-Management Behaviors

This randomized controlled trial evaluated the impact of a mobile health intervention on diabetes self-management, revealing significant improvements in foot care and dietary behaviors.

Rama Diabetes Care appFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)Improvement in dietary behavior+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

SMS Messaging Improves Medication Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes

This pilot randomized controlled trial evaluated the feasibility of using SMS messaging to enhance medication adherence in individuals with Type 2 diabetes.

SMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotionHbA1cMedical record data availability at 6 months+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Text Messaging Program Shows Little Effect on Diabetes Risk Factors

This study evaluated a text messaging-based lifestyle support program for women with gestational diabetes. Results showed no significant differences in key health outcomes compared to a control group.

Peer-support lifestyle programBMIComposite of Weight, Physical Activity, and Dietary Goals+8 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Vitamin D3 may improve periodontal health in diabetes

This study investigated the effects of Vitamin D3 supplementation alongside scaling and root planing in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and periodontitis, finding significant improvements in periodontal health indicators.

Vitamin D supplementationClinical attachment levelFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Health education apps improve diabetes management

This study evaluated two health education apps for diabetes management, finding varying levels of user satisfaction and knowledge improvement.

Glow app for type 2 diabetes educationMobile app for diabetes self-managementDiabetes knowledge+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

High-dose multivitamins do not reduce cardiovascular events in diabetes

This study evaluated the effects of oral multivitamins and multiminerals (OMVM) in patients with diabetes and a history of myocardial infarction. The findings indicated no significant differences in major cardiovascular outcomes between the OMVM and placebo groups.

Oral multivitamins and multiminerals (OMVM)Adverse events incidenceAll-cause mortality+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Mobile health texting may improve patient-provider communication

This study examined the effects of an adaptive mobile health texting intervention on patient-provider communication ratings. Results indicated a nonsignificant decrease in CAHPS scores over six months.

Exercise therapyPatient-reported health care communication assessed via CAHPS scores
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Sarcomeal Supplement Improves Muscle Mass in Diabetic Patients

This study evaluated the efficacy of Sarcomeal supplement and vitamin D3 on muscle parameters in diabetic sarcopenia patients, revealing significant improvements in lean body mass and lean mass index.

Vitamin D supplementationBlood parametersGastrointestinal disorders incidence+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Scalable diabetes education improves care coordination

This study evaluated the effectiveness of scalable diabetes self-management education and support models in adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Results showed no significant changes in key health outcomes.

DSMESBMIDiastolic blood pressure+9 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Bilberry and grape seed extract may improve blood pressure.

This study investigated the effects of long-term bilberry and grape seed extract supplementation on blood pressure in individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It found significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Bilberry extract2-hour plasma glucoseAdvanced glycation end products (AGEs)+11 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

CHW-led diabetes care improves HbA1c in uninsured adults

CHW-led diabetes care with monthly group visits and weekly mHealth contact in uninsured adults with type 2 diabetes.

TIME (Telehealth-supported Integrated Community Health Workers) - Active TreatmentAttrition Rate of the InterventionFidelity of mHealth intervention+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

SMS Program Improves Transition from Insulin to GLP-1 RA in Diabetes

This pilot study evaluated a mobile insulin titration intervention for transitioning patients with Type 2 Diabetes from basal insulin to GLP-1 receptor agonists, showing promising outcomes.

GLP-1 receptor agonistsHyperglycemia eventsPercentage of SMS text message responses reporting hypoglycemia (<80 mg/dL)+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Aromatherapy and VR enhance sleep quality in diabetes

This study investigated the effects of lavender aromatherapy and virtual reality on sleep quality in patients with type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in both interventions.

Control (Usual Activity)Lavender AromatherapyVirtual Reality (VR)+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Auricular Acupressure Improves Sleep and Lowers Blood Glucose

This study investigated the effects of auricular acupressure on sleep quality and blood glucose levels in elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in both areas.

Auricular acupressureDeep sleep duration (SWS)Glucose iAUC (OGTT)+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Improved Sleep Disorders in Type 2 Diabetes with Group Treatment

This study evaluated a concentrated transdiagnostic treatment for patients with Type 2 diabetes and sleep disorders, showing significant improvements in sleep-related outcomes over 12 months.

Concentrated transdiagnostic, micro choice-based and interdisciplinary group treatmentReduction in Daytime Sleepiness Measured by Epworth Sleepiness ScaleReduction in Insomnia Symptoms Measured by Bergen Insomnia Scale+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Telehealth training improves diabetes control during COVID-19

This study investigated the impact of telehealth monitoring and patient training on symptoms and metabolic outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients at risk of COVID-19, finding significant improvements in various symptoms.

Telehealth interventionDifference in cardiology symptoms checklist scores before and after trainingDifference in cognition symptoms checklist scores+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Telemedicine improves diabetes control.

This study evaluated the impact of telemedicine-assisted structured self-monitoring of blood glucose on glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in HbA1c and other metrics.

Standard care with capillary blood glucose monitoringTraditional blood glucose meter (BGM)Blood glucose+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

CBTI improves sleep regularity and reduces anxiety in T2D patients

This study evaluated the impact of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBTI) on sleep regularity and anxiety in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. CBTI showed significant improvements in sleep regularity and anxiety symptoms compared to Health Education (HE).

Behavioral counselingRemote nutrition education on low-carbohydrate dietAnxiety score+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

CGM-Enhanced Nutrition Therapy Improves Diet and Sleep Quality

This study examined the impact of integrating continuous glucose monitoring into individualized nutrition therapy on dietary habits and sleep quality in individuals with prediabetes and obesity. Significant improvements were observed in whole-grain intake, plant-based protein intake, and sleep efficiency.

Continuous glucose monitoringControl Group - Blinded Nutrition TherapyFruit and vegetable intake+7 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

CHIP improves health outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes

The study evaluated the Complete Health Improvement Program (CHIP) against usual care in a randomized-controlled trial. Results indicated improvements in HbA1c and waist circumference for the intervention group.

Complete Health Improvement Program (CHIP)Usual careHbA1c+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Fos Biomedical patch shows no improvement in diabetes risk factors.

This study evaluated the Fos Biomedical non-transdermal patch system's effects on cardio-metabolic health and sleep quality, finding no significant improvements in key outcomes.

Fos Biomedical Non-transdermal Patch SystemC-reactive proteinChange in body composition after 12 weeks of treatment+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Lactobacillus johnsonii Improves Blood Glucose Control

This study investigated the effects of Lactobacillus johnsonii supplementation on blood glucose control in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes and circadian rhythm disruption, finding significant improvements in several metabolic parameters.

Lactobacillus johnsonii supplementationFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)Glucose iAUC (OGTT)+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

AID improves glycaemia but worsens sleep in young T1D patients

The study evaluated the impact of automated insulin delivery on glycaemia and sleep in young people with type 1 diabetes, finding significant improvements in HbA1c but negative effects on sleep.

Hybrid closed-loop systemHbA1cImprovement in sleep-related impairment measured by questionnaires+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Improving Sleep Hygiene May Lower HbA1c in Diabetes

This study evaluated an educational intervention aimed at improving sleep hygiene in patients with type 2 diabetes, showing significant improvements in sleep quality and metabolic markers at 3 months.

Educational intervention to improve sleep hygieneFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)HbA1c+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Light therapy improves sleep quality in older adults with diabetes

This study evaluated the impact of light therapy on sleep quality and circadian rhythm in older adults with type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in sleep quality.

Control Group - Blinded Nutrition TherapyPhotobiomodulation therapyGlycated serum protein (GSP) levels+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Liraglutide with CPAP improves outcomes in T2DM patients

This study investigated the effects of liraglutide combined with CPAP on patients with Type 2 diabetes and severe obstructive sleep apnea, finding significant improvements in several health metrics.

LiraglutideApnea Hypopnea Index (AHI)BMI+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Nursing Approach Improves Health Behaviors and Sleep Quality in Gestational Diabetes

This study examined the impact of a nursing approach based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model on health behaviors and sleep quality in women with gestational diabetes, finding significant improvements in various health metrics.

MDT nursing model combined with high-fiber dietary interventionNutrition score measured by HPLP-IIOverall health-promoting lifestyle score measured by HPLP-II+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

CBT and Mindfulness Improve Mood and Sleep in Diabetic Cancer Patients

This study evaluated the effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on patients with diabetes and endometrial cancer, finding significant improvements in mood and sleep quality.

Telephone-based lifestyle education for gestational diabetes preventionNegative mood scorePositive mood score improvement+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Consumer Sleep Trackers Improve Sleep Behavior Change

This study evaluated the use of Consumer Sleep Trackers (CSTs) with coaching in behavioral sleep extension studies, finding high adherence and retention rates.

Telehealth coaching for patients with T2DM and/or CHDAdherence to sleep data recordingParticipant retention at 6 months+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

CPAP improves blood glucose in type 2 diabetes patients.

This study investigated the effects of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) treatment on blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea, finding significant improvements in various glucose metrics.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)Blood glucoseHbA1c+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Closed-loop therapy may improve sleep quality in young people with T1D

This study evaluated the impact of hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery on sleep in young people newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and their parents, finding no significant differences in sleep outcomes compared to standard care.

Hybrid closed-loop systemAverage number of awakenings at 24 monthsAverage number of awakenings at 6 months+7 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

CPAP therapy shows little effect on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes

This study investigated the impact of CPAP therapy on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes and obstructive sleep apnoea, finding no significant changes in most glucose metrics.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)Average glucose levels measured over 24 hoursCoefficient of variation+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Exercise Improves Sleep Habits in Children with Type 1 Diabetes

This study investigated the impact of a regular exercise program on sleep habits in children with Type 1 Diabetes, revealing significant improvements in various sleep-related outcomes.

Aerobic exerciseAverage sleep habits score measured by the Children's Sleep Habits QuestionnaireBedtime resistance+7 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

ICM improves quality of life in cancer patients without diabetes

This study examined the impact of an Integrative Complementary Medicine (ICM) program on the quality of life in cancer patients with diabetes, revealing significant differences in drowsiness and emotional functioning.

Integrative Complementary Medicine (ICM) ProgramDrowsiness measured using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS)Emotional Functioning as Measured by EORTC QLQ-C30+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Omnipod 5 AID System Improves Caregiver Well-Being

This study evaluated the psychosocial outcomes of caregivers using the Omnipod 5 Automated Insulin Delivery System for young children with Type 1 Diabetes, finding significant improvements in several areas.

Hybrid closed-loop systemDiabetes distress scoresHypoglycaemia confidence measured by the Hypoglycemia Confidence Scale+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Ultrasound therapy improves pain in diabetic neuropathy

This study investigated the effects of ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion pulsed radiofrequency therapy on painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes patients, finding significant postoperative improvements in pain and quality of life.

Ultrasound-guided pulsed radiofrequency therapy of the stellate ganglionDepression severity measured by PHQ-9Neuropathic pain severity+11 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

MIND diet improves cardiometabolic health in women with diabetes

This study investigated the effects of the MIND diet on cardiometabolic health in women with type 2 diabetes and insomnia, finding significant reductions in various health markers.

Calorie restrictionChange in Body Roundness Index (BRI)Change in waist-to-height ratio after dietary intervention+7 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Colchicine may reduce cardiovascular risk in CAD and diabetes patients

This study evaluated the effects of colchicine on cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic coronary artery disease and diabetes, finding mixed outcomes based on diabetes status.

Colchicine 0.5 mg once dailyComposite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization)Coronary revascularization+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Intermittent Fasting Improves Psychosomatic Competence

This study evaluated the effects of intermittent fasting on psychosomatic competence in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes, finding significant weight loss in the fasting group.

Control (Usual Activity)Intermittent Fasting (IF)Psychosomatic Competence Index (PSCI)+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Oral Semaglutide Reduces Heart Failure Events in Diabetes

This study evaluated the effect of oral semaglutide on heart failure events in patients with type 2 diabetes, finding a reduced risk of composite heart failure outcomes compared to placebo.

SemaglutideComposite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization)Hyperglycemia events+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Probiotics improve glycemic control in children with T1DM

Probiotic supplementation was studied for its effects on glycemic control in pediatric patients with Type 1 Diabetes, showing significant improvements in several metabolic markers.

Multispecies probiotic supplementationFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)HbA1c+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Taurine supplementation improves vascular function in diabetes

This study investigated the effects of taurine supplementation on blood pressure and vascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in several key measures.

BerberineBrachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV)Change in plasma hydrogen sulfide levels after taurine supplementation+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Virtual Reality Shows No Improvement in Sleep Quality for Diabetic Patients

This pilot study evaluated the efficacy of virtual reality (VR) in improving sleep quality among patients with painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Results indicated no significant differences in sleep metrics between VR and usual care, except for a higher impression of change in patients using VR.

Virtual Reality (VR)Anxiety scoreAverage number of awakenings at 6 months+7 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

DiabetEaze powder improves nutritional management in diabetes

The study evaluated the effects of DiabetEaze powder on glycaemic control and nutritional management in adults with diabetes, finding significant improvements in blood sugar levels and quality of life.

DiabetEaze powderFasting blood sugar (FBS)Glucose iAUC (OGTT)+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

IGF-1 levels may predict type 2 diabetes in ACS patients

This study analyzed the relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and cardiovascular outcomes in hyperglycemic acute coronary syndrome patients, finding no independent association with major adverse cardiovascular events.

Intensive glycemic controlComposite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization)Post-ACS myocardial infarct size and left ventricular function+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Dextrose Gel Reduces Neonatal Hypoglycaemia Risk

This study evaluated the effectiveness of buccal dextrose gel in preventing neonatal hypoglycaemia. It found that a single dose of 200 mg/kg dextrose gel significantly reduced the incidence of hypoglycaemia.

40% dextrose gel (200 mg/kg)40% dextrose gel (400 mg/kg)Incidence of hypoglycaemia+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

isCGM 2.0 reduces hypoglycemia and increases testing frequency in children

This study evaluated the outcomes of intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM 2.0) in children with type 1 diabetes, showing significant reductions in time below range.

Standard care with capillary blood glucose monitoringisCGM 2.0Increase in glucose test frequency from baseline to 12 and 24 weeks+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

i3 CGM shows reliable performance for diabetes management

This study evaluated the True Vie I3 Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in adults with diabetes, finding high agreement rates and minimal pain during sensor use.

Continuous glucose monitoringAgreement Rates for Arm SensorsAgreement rates for abdomen sensors+6 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Empagliflozin improves glycemic control in HNF1A-MODY

The study evaluated the effects of empagliflozin on glycemic control in adults with HNF1A-MODY, finding significant reductions in glucose levels and improvements in time in range.

EmpagliflozinBody weightFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Insulin needs double in T1D with hybrid closed-loop therapy

This study analyzed insulin requirements in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes using a closed-loop insulin delivery system. It found significant increases in total daily insulin doses and the proportion of basal insulin over 48 months.

Hybrid closed-loop systemDay-to-day variability of insulin requirements measured as coefficient of variationProportion of total daily insulin delivered as basal insulin+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Insulin pumps linked to higher preterm delivery in type 1 diabetes

This study examined pregnancy and post-delivery outcomes in women with type 1 diabetes using non-automated insulin pumps versus multiple daily injections. It found higher rates of preterm delivery and caesarean sections associated with insulin pumps.

Insulin pumpMultiple Daily Injections (MDI)Emergency cesarean section rate+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Premeal metformin improves postmeal glucose control in diabetes.

This study evaluated the effects of premeal versus postmeal metformin administration on postmeal glycemic control, finding that premeal administration was more effective.

MetforminContinuous glucose monitoring glucose incremental area under the curve at 0-1 hoursContinuous glucose monitoring glucose incremental area under the curve at 0-2 hours+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

SNAQ app improves glucose control in type 1 diabetes.

The study evaluated the impact of the SNAQ meal analysis app on glucose control in adults with type 1 diabetes using automated insulin delivery (AID) systems.

SNAQ application for meal managementPre-meal mean glucoseSerious adverse events+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

CGM enhances glycaemic control in chronic pancreatitis diabetes.

This study evaluated the impact of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on glycaemic control in patients with chronic pancreatitis and insulin-treated diabetes, finding significant improvements in time in range.

Continuous glucose monitoringSelf-monitoring of blood glucoseHypoglycemia events+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Dapagliflozin Improves Glycemic Control with Insulin Pump Therapy

This study evaluated the addition of dapagliflozin to insulin pump therapy in patients with Type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in glycemic targets and insulin dosage.

Insulin therapyMetforminAssessment of pancreatic function through insulin and C-peptide levels+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

iGlarLixi improves treatment satisfaction in T2D

The study evaluated the impact of iGlarLixi on treatment satisfaction in adults with Type 2 Diabetes, showing improvements in satisfaction scores and time in range.

Insulin glargine/lixisenatide fixed-ratio combination (iGlarLixi)Time in rangeTreatment satisfaction
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Carbohydrate restriction lowers insulin needs in type 1 diabetes

This study examined the effects of short-term carbohydrate restriction on insulin requirements and the IGF axis in adults with type 1 diabetes, finding significant differences in IGF-1 levels between diets.

Low-carbohydrate dietBrachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)IGFBP-1+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Flash Glucose Monitoring Improves Glycaemic Control in Youth

This study evaluated the impact of Flash Glucose Monitoring (FGM) on glycaemic control in youth with Type 1 Diabetes in India, finding significant reductions in HbA1c levels compared to self-monitoring.

Freestyle Libre 1 FGM useSelf-monitoring of blood glucoseHbA1c
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Sitagliptin improves kidney function in type 1 diabetes

This study evaluated the impact of sitagliptin on diabetic nephropathy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, finding significant improvements in several metabolic parameters.

Control (AHCL only)SitagliptinChange in insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio+7 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Smart insulin software improves glycemic control in T2DM patients.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of smart insulin dosage software versus traditional physician experience in managing hyperglycemia in T2DM patients receiving insulin treatment, finding significant advantages for the software.

Smart insulin dosage software (App group)Blood glucoseGlycemia risk index+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Switching to Semaglutide Improves Diabetes Management

Switching from DPP-4 inhibitors to oral semaglutide improved oxidative stress and glycemic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitorsSemaglutideChange in Diacron-reactive Oxygen Metabolites+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Digital Diabetes Program Improves Glycemic Control in Adults

This study evaluated the effects of a digital diabetes self-management education program combined with continuous glucose monitoring on glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. The intervention group showed significant improvements in several glycemic outcomes compared to usual care.

DSMESGlucose management indicator (GMI)HbA1c+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Semaglutide reduces insulin needs in type 1 diabetes

The study investigated the impact of semaglutide on insulin needs in individuals with type 1 diabetes using pump therapy, revealing significant reductions in insulin requirements.

SemaglutideBasal insulin doseDaily bolus insulin requirements+6 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Semaglutide improves glycemic control in type 1 diabetes

This study evaluated the effects of semaglutide on glycemic control in adults with Type 1 diabetes using automated insulin delivery. Semaglutide improved the percentage of time spent in the target glucose range significantly.

SemaglutideEpisodes of recurrent euglycemic ketosis without acidosisPercentage of time spent with sensor glucose levels <3.9 mmol/L+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Switching to CGM Improves Glycaemic Quality in Type 1 Diabetes

This study evaluated the impact of switching from self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) to continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in adults with Type 1 diabetes, finding significant improvements in glycaemic quality.

Continuous glucose monitoringSelf-monitoring of blood glucoseGRI Zone Classification Maintenance or Improvement+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Dietary interventions improve diabetes remission rates

The DIREM Study evaluated the effects of different dietary interventions on diabetes remission. Results showed higher remission rates in the calorie-carbohydrate restriction and intermittent fasting groups compared to usual care.

Calorie restrictionUsual careDiabetes remission+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Identifying barriers to weight loss in type 2 diabetes patients

This study explored barriers and facilitators affecting weight loss behavior in obese individuals with early Type 2 diabetes, finding an average weight loss of 6.7 kg after a Very Low Calorie Diet.

Very-low-calorie ketogenic dietImproved Sense of Well-Being through Weight LossParticipants' satisfaction evaluation of the APP+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Insulin therapy improves glycemic control in hospitalized T2D patients

This study evaluated the use of insulin degludec and insulin aspart guided by a clinical decision support system for glycemic control in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes, finding a significant percentage of blood glucose measurements within target range.

Insulin therapyAdherence to insulin dosing recommendationsBlood glucose+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Ketogenic diet alters gut microbiome in prediabetic patients

This study investigated the effects of a short-term ketogenic diet on the gut microbiome in severely obese, prediabetic patients, revealing significant changes in microbiota composition.

Low-carbohydrate dietStandard dietBacteroidaceae levels in standard diet group+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Time-restricted eating may improve adherence in type 2 diabetes

This pilot study investigated the effects of time-restricted eating on individuals with type 2 diabetes, revealing significant improvements in 1,5-Anhydroglucitol levels and hypoglycemia symptom recognition.

Time-Restricted Eating (TRE)1,5-Anhydroglucitol10-year ASCVD risk+12 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Weight Loss Methods Improve Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes

This study compared the effects of pharmacological treatment, bariatric surgery, and a very-low-calorie diet on insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension, finding significant improvements in insulin resistance and weight loss with surgery and diet.

Bariatric surgerySubcutaneous SemaglutideVery-low-calorie ketogenic diet+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Intermittent fasting aids weight loss in type 2 diabetes

This study investigated the effects of intermittent fasting on glycaemic control and weight management in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in the fasting group.

Control Group - Blinded Nutrition TherapyIntermittent Fasting (IF)HbA1c+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Plant-based diet may improve diabetes remission

The REPAIR trial investigated the effects of a plant-based lifestyle intervention on diabetes remission and weight loss. Results showed no significant differences compared to standard care.

Lifestyle intervention for prediabetesUsual careDiabetes remission+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Weight loss intervention linked to diabetes risk in high-risk groups

This study examined the long-term effects of the Tübingen Lifestyle Intervention Program on glycemia and insulin secretion in individuals at high risk for type 2 diabetes, revealing significant increases in fasting plasma glucose and 2-hour plasma glucose levels among certain participants.

Lifestyle intervention for prediabetes2-hour plasma glucoseFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Homemade VLCD improves weight loss in type 2 diabetes

This study evaluated a homemade very low calorie diet for weight loss in obese individuals with prediabetes or early onset type 2 diabetes, showing significant weight loss and improvements in several health markers.

Very-low-calorie ketogenic dietBody weightChange in protein carbonyl levels+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Long BPL-RYGB improves HbA1c and weight loss in T2D patients

This study compared Long Biliopancreatic Limb Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (BPL-RYGB) to Long Alimentary Limb Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (AL-RYGB) in adults with obesity and Type 2 diabetes, finding a greater decrease in HbA1c with BPL-RYGB.

Long AL-RYGBLong BPL-RYGBBMI+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Phase angle predicts VLCD success in type 2 diabetes

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a very low-calorie diet (VLCD) in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients, finding significant improvements in insulin resistance and other metabolic markers.

Very-low-calorie ketogenic dietBody weightFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Weight loss enhances resmetirom's efficacy in type 2 diabetes patients

This study evaluated the efficacy of Resmetirom in patients with metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis and type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in liver health outcomes.

Resmetirom (100 mg)Change in MRI-proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF)Fibrosis improvement percentage+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Digital app improves retention and weight loss in diabetes prevention

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a digital habit formation app combined with a standard lifestyle change program for diabetes prevention. It found improved retention rates and significant weight loss at 12 months.

Standard LCP curriculum plus the Fresh Tri iterative mindset appEngagement in lifestyle change program at 12 monthsNumber of lifestyle change program sessions attended at 6 months+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Intermittent fasting may improve weight loss in night shift workers

This study investigated the effects of intermittent fasting strategies on weight loss and insulin resistance in night shift workers, finding no significant differences in body weight or insulin resistance compared to continuous energy restriction.

Calorie restrictionIntermittent Fasting (IF)Body weight+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Vildagliptin improves insulin resistance and weight in type 2 diabetes

This study evaluated the effects of Vildagliptin on insulin resistance and weight reduction in newly diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes patients, showing significant improvements in several metabolic parameters.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitorsGliclazide sustained releaseAdvanced glycation end products (AGEs)+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

VLCD shows similar weight loss to gastric bypass in obesity treatment

This study compared the effectiveness of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and a very low-calorie diet (VLCD) in individuals with obesity, finding no significant differences in weight loss outcomes.

Gastric bypassVery-low-calorie ketogenic dietChange in body composition after 12 weeks of treatment+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Diet and Fasting Improve HDL Function in Type 2 Diabetes

This study investigated the effects of intermittent fasting on HDL functionality in individuals with type 2 diabetes, finding significant increases in serum apoM levels with intermittent fasting.

Intermittent Fasting (IF)Elevated LCAT activity in non-IF groupHDL cholesterol+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Semaglutide improves weight loss in adults with liver disease

This study investigated the effects of semaglutide on weight loss in adults with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Semaglutide led to a significant weight reduction compared to placebo.

SemaglutideCorrelation of weight change with HbA1cCorrelation of weight change with lipid levels+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Time-restricted feeding improves blood glucose and weight in type 2 diabetes

This study evaluated the effects of time-restricted feeding on glycaemic regulation and weight changes in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in various health markers.

Time-Restricted Eating (TRE)Body weightChange in social functioning domain of health-related quality of life+9 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Increased fish intake does not harm glucose metabolism

This study investigated the impact of fatty fish consumption on plasma CMPF concentration and glucose metabolism in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism. Results indicated that increased fish consumption did not correlate with impaired glucose metabolism.

Habitual intake of fishThree meals of fatty fish per weekDecreased 2-hour insulin concentration in OGTT associated with elevated plasma CMPF concentration+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Intermittent fasting improves glycemic control.

This study investigated the effects of intermittent fasting on glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in several metabolic markers.

Intermittent Fasting (IF)BMIFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Intermittent Fasting Improves Type 2 Diabetes Management

This study evaluated the effects of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction on type 2 diabetes risk parameters. Results indicated unclear effectiveness on HOMA-IR and fasting glucose improvement.

Calorie restrictionIntermittent Fasting (IF)Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Yoga Improves Glycemic Control in Prediabetes

The study evaluated a Therapeutic Yoga Module (TYM) aimed at improving glycemic control in individuals with impaired fasting glucose, showing significant reductions in fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels.

Therapeutic Yoga Module (TYM)Blood glucoseHbA1c
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Dapagliflozin-pioglitazone combo improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose combination of dapagliflozin and pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin. The findings suggested that while both treatments reduced HbA1c, the fixed-dose combination had a higher rate of adverse events.

DapagliflozinAdverse events incidenceFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Family Health Nurse Model Improves Diabetes Self-Management

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a Family Health Nurse model on diabetes self-management in middle-aged women, finding significant improvements in self-management scores and reductions in HbA1c levels.

Family health nurse model interventionDiabetes self-management behaviorsHbA1c
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

FDGL improves nerve conduction in diabetic patients

This study evaluated the efficacy of fermented deglycyrrhizinated licorice (FDGL) in treating early-stage diabetic polyneuropathy, showing significant improvements in nerve conduction velocities and vibration perception.

FDGL capsulesChange in motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) from baselineChange in sensory nerve conduction velocity from baseline+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Triple therapy improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a triple fixed-dose combination of Dapagliflozin, Sitagliptin, and Metformin compared to a dual combination of Sitagliptin and Metformin in managing Type 2 Diabetes.

Glimepiride + voglibose + metforminVoglibose + metforminBlood glucose+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Video Game Improves Diabetes Numeracy in Adolescents

This study explored a video game intervention aimed at enhancing diabetes-related numeracy but found no long-term benefits.

Video Game Intervention for Diabetes NumeracyAssessment of General Numeracy Using WRAT-4Diabetes-related numeracy assessment+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

β-glucan bread shows little effect on glycemic control

This study evaluated the effectiveness of β-glucan-enriched bread on glycemic control in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes, finding no significant differences in key outcomes.

β-glucan-enriched breadFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)HbA1c+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Periodontal therapy improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes

This study explored the impact of non-surgical periodontal therapy on glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis, finding a significant reduction in HbA1c levels.

Non-surgical periodontal treatmentC-reactive proteinClinical attachment level+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Automated assessment improves diabetes care quality

This study evaluated the effectiveness of two automated systems for assessing care quality in type 2 diabetes management, finding high completeness and correctness in system comments.

Bidirectional Knowledge-Based Assessment of Compliance (BiKBAC) methodDiscovErr systemCompleteness of system comments+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Short-term hyperglycemia improves heart function in type 2 diabetes.

This study investigated the effects of short-term hyperglycemia from insulin discontinuation on myocardial contractile function in type 2 diabetic patients, finding significant improvements in several cardiac metrics.

Hyperglycemia induced by insulin discontinuation6-minute walk distanceCatecholamine Levels in Normo- and Hyperglycemia+6 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Naltrexone/Bupropion Improves Liver Health in Type 2 Diabetes

This study examined the effects of Naltrexone/Bupropion on hepatic health in patients with Type 2 diabetes and obesity, finding significant improvements in hepatic steatosis and fibrosis markers.

Naltrexone/Bupropion (NB)Change in Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI)Change in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fibrosis-5 (MAF-5)+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Reduced-energy diet improves glycaemia in gestational diabetes.

This study investigated the effects of a reduced-energy diet during pregnancy on maternal glycaemia in women with gestational diabetes, finding no significant differences in maternal weight change or offspring birth weight between diet groups.

Calorie restrictionGestational weight gainOffspring standardized birth weight
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Educational Program May Improve Adherence in Type 1 Diabetes

This study evaluated the impact of a multidisciplinary educational program on quality of life and glycemic control in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. The intervention improved adherence to carbohydrate counting but did not significantly affect quality of life or glycemic control.

Remote multiprofessional educational programAdherence to carbohydrate counting method (CHCM)HbA1c+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Mobile App Improves Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Rama Diabetes Care app for managing uncontrolled Type 2 diabetes in adults. While some improvements were noted, not all findings were statistically significant.

Rama Diabetes Care appBMIDiabetes self-management behaviors+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

One SMBG per week maintains control in T2D

The study evaluated the effectiveness of low-frequency self-monitoring of blood glucose in non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes patients, finding it to be sufficient and safe.

Self-monitoring of blood glucoseHbA1cTreatment adherence
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Empagliflozin improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in adults with type 2 diabetes who were not adequately controlled on metformin and sitagliptin. Results indicated significant reductions in HbA1c and body weight with empagliflozin treatment.

EmpagliflozinAdverse events incidenceBody weight+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Financial incentives improve physical activity in type 2 diabetes.

This study evaluated the impact of financial incentives and social feedback on physical activity in adults with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes, finding significant increases in daily step count and physical activity levels.

Financial incentive and social comparison feedbackStepped care diabetes prevention program with financial incentivesBody weight+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Self-Regulation Intervention Improves Diabetes Management

This study evaluated the effectiveness of an IFSMT-based self-regulation intervention in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, finding significant improvements in self-care ability, HbA1c levels, and quality of life.

IFSMT-based self-regulation moduleHbA1cImprovement in self-care ability+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Symbiotics improve metabolic outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients

This study evaluated the effects of symbiotic capsules on glycaemic control and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes. The results indicated significant improvements in BMI, waist circumference, HDL, and fasting blood sugar levels.

Symbiotic capsules containing 200 million colony-forming units plus fructo-oligosaccharideBMIFasting blood sugar (FBS)+6 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

A7+TouchCare insulin pump shows similar performance to Omnipod

This study compared the performance and patient satisfaction of the A7+TouchCare insulin patch pump with the Omnipod system, finding no significant differences in glucose management or satisfaction levels.

Insulin pumpGlucose management indicator (GMI)Overall satisfaction with insulin pump system
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Dietary supplement may decrease fasting plasma glucose in prediabetic adults

This study examined the effects of a dietary supplement containing cinnamon, chromium, and carnosine on fasting plasma glucose in prediabetic individuals, finding a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose levels compared to placebo.

Dietary supplement containing cinnamon, chromium and carnosineFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)HbA1c+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Essential phospholipids improve liver health in MASLD patients.

This study investigated the effects of essential phospholipids on liver health in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, finding significant improvements in hepatic steatosis and quality of life.

Essential Phospholipids (EPL)Controlled attenuation parameterHbA1c+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Inspiratory muscle loading worsens blood flow in diabetes.

This study investigated the effects of inspiratory muscle loading on blood flow and glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. It found that loading at 60% of PImax significantly reduced calf blood flow and increased vascular resistance.

Inspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImaxInspiratory muscle loading at 60% of PImaxBlood glucose+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Pregabalin improves pain relief in diabetic neuropathy

This study evaluated the efficacy of pregabalin in treating painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Higher doses of pregabalin (300 mg and 600 mg) significantly reduced pain scores compared to placebo.

Pregabalin 150 mg/dayPregabalin 300 mg/dayPregabalin 75 mg/day+7 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Resistant starch improves insulin secretion in at-risk individuals

This study investigated the impact of resistant starch on insulin secretion in overweight individuals with insulin resistance, finding a significant increase in insulin response with resistant starch compared to placebo.

Resistant starch (HAM-RS2)C-peptideFirst-phase insulin secretion (placebo)+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Endovascular denervation may improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes

This study investigated endovascular denervation targeting the celiac and hepatic arteries in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, finding significant reductions in HbA1c levels.

Endovascular denervation (EDN) targeting the celiac and hepatic arteriesAdverse events incidenceBlood pressure reduction+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Qigong and tai chi improve diabetes management in older adults

This study evaluated the effects of qigong and tai chi on middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Tai chi significantly increased HbA1C levels and reduced C-Peptide levels compared to the control group.

Fitness QigongC-peptideFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Empowerment intervention improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes

This study evaluated the effects of an empowerment-based interprofessional follow-up intervention on individuals with Type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in glycemic control, body weight, and waist circumference.

Empowerment-based interprofessional follow-up interventionBody weightHbA1c+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Structured lifestyle intervention improves eating self-efficacy in diabetes.

A structured lifestyle intervention improved eating self-efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes, particularly through the Transcultural Diabetes Nutrition Algorithm with Motivational Interviewing.

Conventional Counseling (tDNA-CC)Motivational Interviewing (tDNA-MI)Transcultural Diabetes Nutrition Algorithm (tDNA)+9 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Acupuncture with Diet May Improve Depression in Diabetics

This study evaluated the efficacy of an anti-inflammatory diet combined with acupuncture in patients with type 2 diabetes and depression, finding significant reductions in depression and anxiety.

Acupuncture combined with an anti-inflammatory dietLow-fat dietStandard treatment+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Empagliflozin reduces HbA1c in youth with type 2 diabetes

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of SGLT2 and DPP-4 inhibitors in adolescents and young adults with Type 2 diabetes, finding modest reductions in HbA1c with empagliflozin.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitorsEmpagliflozinBody weight+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Genetic variants linked to diabetes progression show little effect

This study examined the genetic influence of type 2 diabetes susceptibility variants on disease progression using two treatment algorithms. It found that an intensive treatment approach reduced the time to first drug prescriptions compared to conventional treatment.

Multifactorial intensive treatment algorithmStandard type 2 diabetes medication treatment, unspecifiedBMI+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Healthy Nordic Diet Improves Liver Fat in Type 2 Diabetes

This study examined the impact of a low-carbohydrate high polyunsaturated fat diet on liver fat in individuals with type 2 diabetes, finding significant reductions in liver fat and body weight with the Healthy Nordic Diet.

Healthy Nordic Diet (HND)LCPUFA dietUsual care+7 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Laser therapy improves periodontal outcomes in diabetes patients

This study compared nonsurgical periodontal therapy with and without diode laser in type 2 diabetes patients with periodontitis, finding significant improvements in several periodontal outcomes.

Non-surgical periodontal treatmentClinical attachment levelGingival Index (GI)+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Magnesium deficiency is linked to diabetes complications

This study examined the impact of magnesium deficiency on diabetes and its complications, finding significant reductions in serum calcium, urinary magnesium, cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels with simvastatin treatment.

Simvastatin treatmentCalciumLDL cholesterol+1 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Periodontal Therapy May Improve Glycemic Control in Diabetes

This study evaluated the impact of non-surgical periodontal therapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in periodontal health but no significant change in HbA1c levels.

Non-surgical periodontal treatmentClinical attachment levelGingival Index (GI)+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

QCC Model Enhances Diabetes Management

The study evaluated the QCC nursing model's impact on blood glucose control in Type 2 diabetes patients, finding significant improvements in various metabolic markers.

Insulin therapyUsual careC-peptide+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Subgingival scaling may improve glycemic control in diabetes

This study investigated the impact of subgingival scaling and root planing (SRP) combined with oral hygiene instruction (OHI) on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients with periodontitis, finding significant improvements in certain clinical measures.

SRP + OHIBleeding on probingChange in CD4+/CD8+ Ratio+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Telecare model improves diabetes management outcomes

This study evaluated a telecare-enhanced hybrid consultation model for diabetes management, finding comparable HbA1c levels but improved blood pressure in the intervention group.

Control Group Usual ActivityHybrid care groupBlood pressure readings in control group+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Digital education improves self-care and reduces HbA1c in type 2 diabetes

This study evaluated a digital educational intervention based on Orem's Self-Care Theory for patients with Type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in self-care behaviors, self-efficacy, and HbA1c levels.

Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-careDiabetes self-care exercise scoreDiabetes self-management behaviors+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Endoscopic PJD shows durable weight loss and glycemic improvement

This study evaluated the outcomes of endoscopic partial jejunal diversion using a self-assembling magnetic anastomosis system over 36 months, finding significant weight loss and improvements in glycemic control.

Partial Jejunal Diversion (PJD) using Incisionless Magnetic Anastomosis System (IMAS)Adverse events incidenceBody weight+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

HIIT and Aerobic-Resistance Training Improve Diabetes Outcomes

This study compared the effects of combined aerobic-resistance training and high-intensity interval training on adults with type 2 diabetes. Both interventions showed significant improvements in fasting insulin and HbA1c levels compared to standard care.

High-intensity interval exerciseResistance training6-minute walk distance+8 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Hyaluronic Acid Improves Periodontal Treatment Outcomes in Diabetes

This study evaluated the efficacy of hyaluronic acid in non-surgical periodontal treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes, finding it reduced bleeding on probing and clinical attachment levels compared to a placebo.

Hyaluronic Acid ApplicationBleeding on probingClinical attachment level+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Local Antibiotic Treatment Improves Periodontal Status in Diabetics

This study investigated the effects of periodontal treatment on the risk of cerebral infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, finding significant reductions in inflammatory markers.

Scaling with local antibiotic adjunct (Periofol 2%)Alpha-1-B glycoprotein levelsAlpha-2-antiplasmin levels+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Coenzyme Q10 improves periodontal health in diabetic patients

This study investigated the impact of coenzyme Q10 supplementation alongside scaling and root planing on periodontal health in controlled diabetic patients, finding significant improvements in several periodontal indices.

BerberineBleeding on probingClinical attachment level+5 more
Non-randomized CTAdded Jul 22, 2026

Diabetes May Hinder Periodontal Treatment Outcomes

This study evaluated the effects of non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) on periodontal health in patients with type 2 diabetes. Key findings included significant improvements in plaque index and clinical attachment levels.

Non-surgical periodontal treatmentBleeding on probingClinical attachment level+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Metronidazole may not improve insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes

This study evaluated the impact of metronidazole as an adjunct to scaling and root planing on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes patients with periodontitis, finding significant changes in HOMA-IR at 6 months.

Control Group Usual ActivityScaling and root planing with metronidazoleScaling and root planing without metronidazole+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Probiotics and Tetracycline Improve Periodontitis in Diabetics

This study evaluated the effectiveness of probiotics and tetracycline fibers as adjuncts to scaling and root planing in type 2 diabetic patients with periodontitis, finding significant reductions in inflammatory markers and periodontal indices.

ProbioticsTetracycline fibersGingival Index (GI)+3 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Scaling and root planing improves glycemic control in T2DM

This study evaluated the impact of scaling and root planing on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients, finding significant improvements in various health markers.

Oral hygiene instructions onlyScaling and root planing and oral hygiene instructionsScaling and root planing with metronidazole and oral hygiene instructions+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

SRP with Laser Therapy Improves TNF-α Levels in Diabetic Patients

This study evaluated the impact of Scaling and Root Planing with and without Low Level Laser Therapy on salivary TNF-α levels in patients with periodontitis and type 2 diabetes, finding significant reductions in several clinical parameters.

Photobiomodulation therapySRP + OHIBlood glucose+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Ertugliflozin improves liver function in T2DM patients

This study evaluated the effects of ertugliflozin on liver function in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in liver-related biomarkers.

ErtugliflozinASTAlanine Aminotransferase (ALT)+11 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy Reduces IL-17 in Diabetic Patients

This study investigated the impact of non-surgical periodontal therapy on plasma IL-17 levels in chronic periodontitis patients with well-controlled type II diabetes. It found significant improvements in gingival and plaque indices.

Non-surgical periodontal treatmentClinical attachment levelFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Periodontal treatment improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes

This study evaluated the impact of improved periodontal health on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients with generalized periodontitis, revealing significant changes in several periodontal measures.

Scaling and root planing followed by systemic doxycyclineScaling and root planing onlyClinical attachment level+7 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Synbiotic Supplementation Improves Periodontal Health in Diabetes

This study investigated the effects of a multispecies probiotic supplement combined with non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in inflammatory and periodontal markers.

Multispecies probiotic supplementationBleeding on probingChange in Serum IL-1β Levels+7 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Tirzepatide with Ketogenic Diet Improves Liver Health

The study evaluated the effects of Tirzepatide combined with either Low-Energy Ketogenic Therapy or Low-Calorie Diet on hepatic steatosis in patients with MASLD, finding significant improvements in liver parameters.

TirzepatideBMIControlled attenuation parameter+2 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Vitamin C Supplementation Shows No Benefit for Periodontal Health

This study examined the effects of vitamin C supplementation on periodontal health in type 2 diabetes patients and found no significant improvement in periodontal status.

Initial periodontal therapy plus 500 mg/day vitamin CClinical attachment levelFasting blood sugar (FBS)+6 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Dietary interventions improve quality of life in type 2 diabetes

This study analyzed health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in dietary interventions for type 2 diabetes, finding improvements in both low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) and high-carbohydrate low-fat (HCLF) diets.

Low-carbohydrate dietHealth-related quality of lifeTreatment adherence
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Empagliflozin reduces liver fat in diabetes patients

The study investigated the effects of adding Empagliflozin to standard treatment in patients with Type 2 Diabetes, finding significant reductions in hepatic fat mass and BMI.

EmpagliflozinAlanine Aminotransferase (ALT)BMI+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

HIIT and Resistance Training May Improve Muscle Strength and Fitness

This study evaluated the effects of combined high-intensity interval training and progressive resistance training on overweight/obese adults, finding significant improvements in hepatic steatosis and fitness metrics.

Resistance trainingTelehealth interventionChange in body composition after 12 weeks of treatment+6 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Metabolomics score improves metabolic profiling in diabetes

This study investigated the impact of various interventions on metabolic health in individuals with type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in body weight, insulin sensitivity, triglycerides, and HbA1c levels.

Intermittent Fasting (IF)Lifestyle intervention for prediabetesResistance training+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Tirzepatide improves MASH resolution without worsening fibrosis.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of tirzepatide in resolving metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) without worsening fibrosis.

TirzepatideFibrosis improvement without worsening of MASHResolution of Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH)
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

5:2 Diet Improves Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes

The IDEATE study examined the effects of a 5:2 diet and exercise on glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients, finding significant improvements in HbA1c levels with the diet.

5:2 dietExercise therapyAdiposity indices+4 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Combination therapy improves hepatic steatosis in T2DM patients

This study evaluated the combination therapy of Tofogliflozin and Pioglitazone for treating hepatic steatosis in patients with NAFLD and T2DM, showing significant improvements in various metabolic parameters.

Dapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapyPioglitazoneTofogliflozin+7 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Low-Carbohydrate Diet Improves Liver Fat in Type 2 Diabetes

This study explored the impact of a low-carbohydrate, energy-restricted diet on beta-cell function and liver fat in adults with Type 2 diabetes, finding significant reductions in liver fat and insulin resistance.

Low-carbohydrate dietBeta-cell functionC-peptide to Proinsulin Ratio+6 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Oral insulin may improve liver health in diabetes patients

This study evaluated the safety and potential therapeutic effects of orally delivered insulin in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus, finding significant reductions in liver fat and fibrosis levels.

Insulin therapyCardiovascular eventsLiver fat content+5 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Semaglutide improves vascular and liver function in type 2 diabetes

This study investigated the effects of semaglutide on vascular and liver function in patients with type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, finding significant improvements in various health markers.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitorsSemaglutideChange in aortic pulse wave velocity from baseline to week 24+7 more
RCTsAdded Jul 22, 2026

Testosterone therapy reduces liver fat in men with diabetes

This study investigated the effects of testosterone therapy on liver fat in men with type 2 diabetes and low testosterone levels, finding a significant reduction in liver fat compared to placebo.

Testosterone therapyAlanine Aminotransferase (ALT)Liver fat content

Entities

New Interventions & Outcomes

New intervention and outcome entities created during this weekly snapshot.

New Interventions

MetforminSemaglutideLiraglutideGLP-1 receptor agonistsEmpagliflozinSGLT2 inhibitorsDapagliflozinBasal insulinInsulin therapyBolus insulinLow-carbohydrate dietCalorie restrictionMediterranean dietExercise therapyAerobic exerciseResistance trainingBehavioral counselingDSMESContinuous glucose monitoringInsulin pumpHybrid closed-loop systemBariatric surgeryGastric bypassSleeve gastrectomyVitamin D supplementationVitamin E supplementationProbioticsDipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitorsSMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotionDigital storytelling behavioral interventionVegetables-first eating patternTirzepatidePioglitazoneAcarboseRosiglitazoneOrlistatExenatideTroglitazoneLifestyle intervention for prediabetesAkkermansia muciniphilaGliclazide sustained releaseHigh-intensity interval exerciseMicrobiome-guided personalized nutritionModerate continuous exerciseInsulin degludecWhite common bean extractBerberineSingle-task balance exerciseDual-task balance exerciseFinerenone (nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist)Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic)Photobiomodulation therapyErythropoietinAllium hookeri extractTeplizumabInsulin glargine/lixisenatide fixed-ratio combination (iGlarLixi)Systemic glucocorticoidsGlimepirideMetformin + glimepirideSupported telemonitoringXiaokeGlibenclamideGlimepiride + voglibose + metforminBoscisucrophage (Boscia senegalensis extract)Voglibose + metforminNeedle-free injectionRama Diabetes Care appRemote multiprofessional educational programTelephone-based lifestyle education for gestational diabetes preventionSynchronous online type 1 diabetes psychoeducational program for school staffUrsodeoxycholic acidAmerican ginsengGDM-DH mobile app (Garbhakalin Diabetes athawa Madhumeha-Dhulikhel Hospital)Curcumin plus piperineDapagliflozin Gliclazide combinationNimba-Amalakyadi powderRemote nutrition education on low-carbohydrate dietVery-low-calorie ketogenic dietIntensive lifestyle intervention for type 2 diabetes remissionMediterranean ketogenic dietInstructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-careIntegrated multidisciplinary diabetes and kidney care programDigital physician-pharmacist collaborative careTelephone-based pharmacist behavioral interventionDulaglutideL. rhamnosus DV bacterial lysateDapagliflozin plus linagliptin combination therapyPentoxifyllineTaichi trainingCanagliflozinTaichi plus resistance band trainingSitagliptinCarob liquid concentrateStructured multidisciplinary case managementOxygen-enriched waterTadalafilBiguanidesPeer-support lifestyle programGLP-1 receptor agonists (class)SGLT2 inhibitors (class)Stepped care diabetes prevention program with financial incentivesBilberry extractComplex lifestyle interventionDigital-based lifestyle interventionFlavanol-rich cocoaFlaxseed oil and fish oilIDegLiraInsulin adjustment moduleInterval walkingLess tight glycemic controlLow-fat dietMelissa officinalis capsulesNigella sativa oilPeripheral electrical stimulation (PES)Raw cinnamon powderTerminalia chebulaTighter glycemic controlUsual careAcarbose plus voglibose therapyArm Rotation with Walking ExerciseBifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BL21Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusionControl (Usual Activity)Curcumin supplementationDiabetes-specific nutritional formula-pro (DSNF-Pro)Egg White Powder (EWP)Encapsulated cinnamonInsulin pump plus Mulberry twig extract therapyLow glycemic index treatment (LGIT)Magnesium citrateMagnesium oxideRaw cinnamon capsulesStandard nutritional formula (STNF)Synbiotic Formulation EDC-HHA01VogliboseAspirinAstaxanthin supplementationCentella asiatica (CA) extractCholecalciferolCombined antioxidant/prebiotic supplementCombined magnesium and potassium supplementsCoriander seed powderCurcumin plus fish oilCurcumin plus fish oil and vitamin DIsocaloric control breakfastLimosilactobacillus reuteri lozengesLuseogliflozinMagnesium supplementMaltodextrin (control)Maltodextrin Group (20 g maltodextrin)Omega-3 Fatty Acid SupplementationStandard anti-diabetic drugs onlyWhole-grain dietary intervention (100g/day)Whole-grain dietary intervention (50g/day)whey protein 20gCitrus flavonoid supplementation with metforminF-Biotic ArishinaFish oilGlargine U100Green tea extractHRS-7535 (15 mg)HRS-7535 (30 mg)HRS-7535 (60 mg)HRS-7535 (90 mg)Insulin LisproInulin-type fructansL-citrulline supplementation (Phase 1)Liraglutide, Dapagliflozin, and MetforminMazdutideMazdutide 3 mgMetformin + LiraglutideMultispecies probiotic supplementationMyrtle syrupProbiotic-OmegaSequential addition of metformin followed by glipizide and insulin glargineBeaT-2/SugarburnerCocoa supplementationCurcuma longa extract (CLE)Date Seed Powder (DSP)Dietary fibre supplement (YMETA)Dulaglutiden doseEndurance exerciseExtra virgin olive oil supplementationGlutamine with SitagliptinGroup MeetingIndividual Academic Detailing VisitInsulin aspartInsulin plus SitagliptinIntegrated Hyperglycaemia Incentivized Postnatal Surveillance (IHIPS)Non-surgical periodontal treatmentNon-surgical periodontal treatment + Zinc gluconate and Magnesium oxidePrebiotic supplementationPurified anthocyanins supplementationSodium ButyrateSumac supplementSurvodutideZinc supplementationCanagliflozin combined with MetforminChromium supplementationCinnamomum zeylanicumDeep seawater mineral extracts containing Mg 2+EldecalcitolErtugliflozinHigh-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV)Intensive glycemic controlMetformin combined with PlaceboMultifactorial interventionsOral multivitamins and multiminerals (OMVM)OrforglipronStandard type 2 diabetes medication treatment, unspecifiedStandard-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (SD-IIV)Ticagrelor monotherapy after 3 months of DAPTClazakizumabDiabeTextDialBetesPlus mobile health interventionGlow app for type 2 diabetes educationHealth Storylines mAPPIcosapent ethylKeeping in Touch (KiT)Mobile app for diabetes self-managementMotivation Enhancement SystemMultifactorial Therapy (MT)Question Prompt ListReducing Emotional Distress for Childhood Hypoglycemia in Parents (REDCHiP)Smartphone applications for oral hygiene and glycemic controlStandard care with capillary blood glucose monitoringStandard face-to-face careStandard glycemic controlStructured food sequencing with mHealth monitoringTelephone Follow-UpTraditional pamphletVA|PREVENTION project web application with virtual human coachmHealth diabetes support interventionmHealth dietary education interventionmHealth intervention with personal feedbackAuricular acupressureComplete Health Improvement Program (CHIP)Concentrated transdiagnostic, micro choice-based and interdisciplinary group treatmentControl Group - Blinded Nutrition TherapyFos Biomedical Non-transdermal Patch SystemHealthy PregnancyLactobacillus johnsonii supplementationLavender AromatherapyMobile educational platformMulberry leaf extract (MLE) blendOccupation-based coaching (OBC) interventionOffice-Gap + TextingProgressive relaxation exercisesTIME (Telehealth-supported Integrated Community Health Workers) - Active TreatmentTelehealth coaching for patients with T2DM and/or CHDTelehealth interventionTime-Restricted Eating (TRE)Traditional blood glucose meter (BGM)Type 1 Diabetes and Life (T1DAL) interventionVirtual Reality (VR)Vitadio digital therapyi-Matter40% dextrose gel (200 mg/kg)40% dextrose gel (400 mg/kg)Colchicine 0.5 mg once dailyContinuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)DASH dietDiabetEaze powderEducational intervention to improve sleep hygieneHome-based elastic band exerciseIntegrative Complementary Medicine (ICM) ProgramIntermittent Fasting (IF)Laughter Yoga ProgramMDT nursing model combined with high-fiber dietary interventionMultiple Daily Injections (MDI)Probiotic beverage containing LactobacillusSuvorexantSynchronous telehealth exercise programUltrasound-guided pulsed radiofrequency therapy of the stellate ganglionYesMilk dietisCGM 2.0Active dayAndroidAPS - Treatment AControl (AHCL only)Decision Support System (DSS)FLO23011Freestyle Libre 1 FGM useGlunovo rtCGM systemHenagliflozinInsulin pump or multiple daily injectionsMixed exerciseMulberry twig alkaloids (SZ-A)Non-adaptive bolus calculator (control)SNAQ application for meal managementSelf-monitoring of blood glucoseSieradzki Equation for Insulin DosingSmart insulin dosage software (App group)Standard dietSubcutaneous SemaglutideVideo consultationsAnti-Inflammatory DietEbenatideEfsitoraFDGL capsulesFamily health nurse model interventionHabitual intake of fishInteractive Virtual Assistant Device (Smart Speaker Echo Dot)Long AL-RYGBLong BPL-RYGBNurse-led diabetic follow-up clinicResmetirom (100 mg)Standard LCP curriculum plus the Fresh Tri iterative mindset appTailored interdisciplinary obesity care approachTherapeutic Yoga Module (TYM)Three meals of fatty fish per weekTopical Citrullus colocynthis (bitter apple) fruit extractTopical ozonated olive oilVideo Game Intervention for Diabetes NumeracyBidirectional Knowledge-Based Assessment of Compliance (BiKBAC) methodCT-868 1.75 mgDetemirDiscovErr systemHyperglycemia induced by insulin discontinuationImegliminInsulin dosage titration by senior endocrinology physiciansIntensive treatment groupNaltrexone/Bupropion (NB)PEG-Loxe 300 µg/weekPEG-Loxe 400 µg/weekSIIT for 2 weeksStandard treatment groupStatic protocol of insulin infusionβ-glucan-enriched breadA. soehngenii CH-106Control Group Usual ActivityDietary supplement containing cinnamon, chromium and carnosineEmpowerment-based interprofessional follow-up interventionEndovascular denervation (EDN) targeting the celiac and hepatic arteriesEssential Phospholipids (EPL)Financial incentive and social comparison feedbackFitness QigongFunctional Medicine (FM)HD-6277 50 mgIFSMT-based self-regulation moduleInspiratory muscle loading at 2% of PImaxInspiratory muscle loading at 60% of PImaxPregabalin 150 mg/dayPregabalin 300 mg/dayPregabalin 75 mg/dayResistant starch (HAM-RS2)Structured family and peer support interventionSymbiotic capsules containing 200 million colony-forming units plus fructo-oligosaccharideTofogliflozinAcupuncture combined with an anti-inflammatory dietConventional Counseling (tDNA-CC)Culturally Adapted Lifestyle Intervention for Diabetes PreventionGlycated Hemoglobin ScreeningHTD1801 1000 mg twice dailyHTD1801 500 mg twice dailyHealthy Nordic Diet (HND)Hybrid care groupLCPUFA dietMotivational Interviewing (tDNA-MI)Multifactorial intensive treatment algorithmOral glucose tolerance testPMR with DSF plus dietary consultationPartial Jejunal Diversion (PJD) using Incisionless Magnetic Anastomosis System (IMAS)SRP + OHISimvastatin treatmentStandard treatmentTranscultural Diabetes Nutrition Algorithm (tDNA)TreC Diabete digital platformWeChat-delivered medical nutrition therapy (WeMNT)Ginger supplementationHyaluronic Acid ApplicationInitial periodontal therapy plus 500 mg/day vitamin CIntensive Periodontal TreatmentOral hygiene instructions onlyPropolis with MoxifloxacinScaling and root planing and oral hygiene instructionsScaling and root planing followed by systemic doxycyclineScaling and root planing onlyScaling and root planing with additional toothbrushing (SRPAT)Scaling and root planing with metronidazoleScaling and root planing with metronidazole and oral hygiene instructionsScaling and root planing without metronidazoleScaling with local antibiotic adjunct (Periofol 2%)Tetracycline fibersTriple Antibiotic Paste5:2 dietMK-3655 300 mgPemvidutide 1.2 mgPemvidutide 1.8 mgPemvidutide 2.4 mgSaroglitazar 4 mgTestosterone therapy

New Outcomes

HbA1cTime below rangeTime in rangeTime above rangeGlucose variabilityHypoglycemia eventsSevere hypoglycemiaHyperglycemia eventsDiabetic ketoacidosisBMIBody weightWaist circumferenceSystolic blood pressureDiastolic blood pressureLDL cholesterolHDL cholesterolTriglyceridesInsulin resistanceInsulin sensitivityBeta-cell functionQuality of lifeTreatment adherenceNeuropathy progressionTreatment satisfactionRetinopathy progressionNephropathy progressionAlbuminuriaCardiovascular eventsAll-cause mortalityHospitalization rateDiabetic retinopathy incidenceDiabetic retinopathy progressionPhysical activity level (MET-minutes per week)Exercise self-efficacyBarriers to physical activityGestational diabetes mellitus incidenceUrinary tract infection rateEmergency cesarean section ratePerineal traumaDiabetic nephropathy incidenceDiabetic neuropathy incidenceDiabetic microvascular complication multimorbidityTotal cholesterolAdverse events incidenceGastrointestinal disorders incidenceRenal and urinary disorders incidenceBlood glucoseC-reactive proteinGut microbiota diversityBlood lactate concentrationTotal daily insulin dosePulse pressureGestational weight gainPostprandial lipidemiaDual-task performanceAdiponectinPostural balanceComposite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization)Functional mobilityComposite renal outcomes (kidney failure, sustained eGFR decline ≥57%, renal death)Glucose iAUC (OGTT)Body fat massClinical attachment levelComplex reaction time (sustained attention task)Cognitive functionComplex reaction time task errorsAdipose tissue macrophage countPeriodontal probing depthFasting insulin levelsVascular cell adhesion molecule-1Adipose tissue mast cell countNeuropathic pain severitySimple reaction timeTrail Making Test performanceCapillary densityStroop Color-Word Test performanceAdipose tissue elastin contentHypoglycemia symptom scoreEEG dominant frequencyBolus insulin doseCounter-regulatory hormone response to hypoglycemiaBasal insulin doseTime above 13.9 mmol/LGlycemia risk indexUrine glucose excretion (UGE)Diabetes self-management behaviors1,5-AnhydroglucitolTime to glycemic targetInjection-site adverse reactionsInjection pain scoreGLP-1MicroRNA-192VO2 maxTime to DKA resolutionHypokalaemia incidenceType 1 diabetes knowledge scoreDiabetes management self-efficacyHypoglycemia symptom recognition abilityDiabetes-related misconceptionsSystem Usability Scale (SUS) scoreLeft atrial reservoir strain (LASr_ED)Left atrial contractile strain (LASct_AC)mHealth App Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ) scoreOxford Maternity Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction (OMDTSQ) scoreLeft ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)Sleep qualityDepression scoreAnxiety scoreStress scoreUrine sugarDiabetes remissionDiabetes medication use changeSerum creatinineDaily step countLiver-to-spleen attenuation ratioHealth belief scoreLean body massPulmonary diffusion capacityLeft ventricular mass indexLeft ventricular end-systolic diameter6-minute walk distanceAmyloid-β 40Type 2 diabetes incidenceExtracellular volumeInsulin-treated gestational diabetesNormoglycemia status10-year ASCVD riskEstimated glomerular filtration rateIndian Diabetes Risk ScoreNT-proBNPInflammatory markersMuscular strengthAmyloid-β 42Weight-bearing indexUrinary albumin-to-creatinine ratioLeft ventricular end-diastolic volumeActivities of daily livingWaist-to-hip ratio2-hour plasma glucoseLeft ventricular end-diastolic diameterGlial fibrillary acidic proteinPhase angleAlcohol useTotal diabetes-related costAmyloid-β 42/40 ratioFruit and vegetable intakePhosphorylated tau217Neurofilament light proteinGrowth differentiation factor 15Aldosterone-to-renin ratioBody Mass Index (BMI) changeBody fat mass (BFM) changeDiabetes knowledgeHomeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) changeInsulinProportion of participants developing diabetesReninSerum ANGPTL2Serum ANGPTL4Serum VEGFSerum adrenomedullinUrinary L-FABPVascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) changeWeight changeAdjusted relative riskAdjusted risk differenceDietary intake changesExperience with the clinical trialHealth-related quality of lifeLength of stay in intensive careLongitudinal changes in cardiometabolic risk factorsNocturnal glucose controlPhysical activity changesPre-meal mean glucoseSerious maternal health outcomeSerious perinatal adverse eventsSerum cortisolprediabetestype 2 diabetes mellitusEndothelial functionFasting blood sugar (FBS)Incidence heart diseaseIncidence of heart failureIncidence of macular edemaIncidence of myocardial infarctionIncidence of proteinuriaIncidence vision lossPostprandial blood glucosePostprandial hyperglycemia incidencePostprandial hypoglycemia incidencePostprandial insulin AUC24-Hour Urinary Protein (24hUpr)24-hour glucoseC-peptide incremental area under the curve (iAUC)Coefficient of variationEndothelin-1 (ET-1)Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)Glucose area under the curve (AUC)Homeostatic Model Assessment of Beta-cell function (HOMA-β)Mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE)Mean of daily differences (MODD)Nitric Oxide (NO)Nocturnal hypoglycemiaTraditional Chinese medicine symptom scoreAbnormal stool frequencyAlanine Aminotransferase (ALT)Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS)Gastrointestinal symptoms frequencyHard or lumpy stoolsIntercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1)Interleukin-6 (IL-6)Retinol-Binding Protein 4 (RBP4)Safety profile assessmentSerum 25-hydroxyvitamin DTumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)gut microbiota compositionlipid profilesvon Willebrand Factor (vWF)24-h urine magnesium excretionCalciprotein crystallization (T 50)CalciumCarotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV)Exploratory patient-reported measuresGlutathione peroxidase (GPx)Incidence of macrosomiaInterleukin-17 (IL-17)Malondialdehyde (MDA)Markers of metabolic endotoxemiaNeonatal birth weightNeutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)Oxidative stress markers (GSH)PhosphorusSafety-related laboratory parametersSerum AlbuminSerum arginineSerum isoleucineSerum magnesiumSerum threonineShort-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)Ankle-brachial index (ABI)Body adiposity indexGlycated albuminHip circumferenceInterleukin-10 (IL-10)Interleukin-4 (IL-4)Neck circumferenceSerum concentration of vitamin DTotal PHQ-8 scorehsa-miR-21 expressionLysophosphatidylcholinehsa-miR-155 expressionhsa-miR-34a expressionα-hydroxybutyrateBeta diversityC-peptideFive-times Sit-to-Stand TestHandgrip StrengthMuscle thickness of biceps brachiiMuscle thickness of vastus lateralisNeurotrophin-3Postprandial insulin incremental area under the curve (iAUC0–3h)Progression to overt diabetesProtein intake changeRelative abundance of L. reuteriSerotoninAdherence Predictors for Omega-3Adherence to Omega-3Adherence to aspirinAnthropometric parametersBlood urea nitrogen (BUN)Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV)FibrinogenHomocysteineInsulin-dose adjusted A1c (IDAA1c)NLRP3 gene expressionPlasma lipidome changesSerum GlucoseThiol groupUrine proteinUrine volumeAbundance of ColidextribacterAbundance of DesulfobacterotaAbundance of KlebsiellaAbundance of LimosilactobacillusAbundance of RalstoniaBrachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)Cytokine production from T-helper 2 cellsFemoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV)Femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV) during acute hyperglycemiaInterferon-γ production from CD8+ T-cellsPlasma antioxidant capacity (FRAP)Serum CTX-1Serum P1NPTNF-α levelsAbundance of HaemophilusAbundance of LactobacillusBody fat percentage reductionCaloric intakeCarotid intima-media thickness (cIMT)Common carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT)Daily glucose averageDisposition IndexEpisodes of serious hypoglycemiaHypoglycemic symptomsLiver fat contentLiver fibrosisPlasma cholic secondary bile acidsProportion achieving HbA1c <7.0%Relative abundance of Bacteroides fragilisRelative abundance of Bacteroides ovatusRelative abundance of EubacteriumRelative abundance of Eubacterium rectaleRelative abundance of Streptococcus thermophilusResolution of Hepatic SteatosisSerum Uric AcidWeight loss dependent effect on HbA1cWeight loss independent effect on HbA1cASTAUC during hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL)Apolipoprotein A1Apolipoprotein B100Attention improvementBlood pressure reductionCardiac FunctionDiastolic function parametersDuration of hypoglycemiaIncidence of hypoglycaemiaMaximum glucoseMemory performanceMental healthMinimum glucoseOlfactory task functional connectivityOlfactory thresholdOmentin-1Self-Perceptions ImpactStandard deviation of glucoseTriglyceride (Placebo)Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)Vitalitybody fluid volumelipidsComposite endpoint achievementCost-effectiveness assessmentEpicardial adipose tissue thicknessFructosamineHematocritHemoglobinHomeostatic model assessment (HOMA2-B)Hyaluronic acid (HA)IGFBP-1IGFBP-2Insulin PrescribingMatrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)Metformin PrescribingNeuropathy symptom scoreNuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)Plasma ElectrolytesProinsulin/insulin ratioRed Blood CellsSirtuin-1 (SIRT1)Syndecan-1 (SDC1)Syndecan-4 (SDC4)Thioredoxin-1 (Trx1)Total T2D Drugs Prescribing carboxymethyl-lysine (CML)Abdominal PainBloatingHOMA-BHOMA-IR IndexLactulose Hydrogen Breath Test ResultsLipopolysaccharide (LPS)Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB p65)PentosidineThioredoxin-binding protein-2 (TBP2)s-RAGEAdvanced glycation end products (AGEs)Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP)BEST scorePlatelet activationSerum CCL-11Serum CCL-2Serum CCL-5Serum CXCL-10Serum CXCL-12Serum IFN-γSerum IL-18Serum PF-4Serum vitamin D3 levels (Placebo)Toronto Clinical Scoring System (TCSS)Total 25-OH vitamin DTotal 25-OH vitamin D levels (Placebo)Uric AcidVery low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)Adiposity indicesBleeding on probingBlood parametersButyrate-producing bacteriaDentobacterial plaque indexErythrocyte sedimentation rateFIB-4 indexGlutathione (GSH)Glutathione (GSH) (Placebo)Intact proinsulinMalondialdehyde (MDA) (Placebo)Nitric Oxide (NO) PlaceboPeriodontal inflamed surface areaSerum ferritinSerum γ-GTSkeletal muscle indexType IV collagenVery-low-density lipoprotein cholesterolBone mineral content (BMC)Bone mineral density (BMD)Bone mineral density (BMD) at distal radiusBone mineral density (BMD) at femoral neckCortical thickness (Co.Th)GCF ChemerinGestational age at delivery (weeks)Gingival Index (GI)Insulin requirement during the interventionIntra-cortical porosity (Ct.Po)NICU requirement percentageOptical coherence tomographyOptical coherence tomography angiographyPlaque Index (PI)Rate of neonates with more than one complicationSerum ChemerinTrabecular thickness (Tb.Th)Ankle painBleeding eventsCortical pore diameter (Ct.Po.Dm) at radiusCortical pore diameter (Ct.Po.Dm) at tibiaFrequency of abortionHeart failure hospitalizationsKnee painLeg painLoss of vision likely due to retinopathyPTP1B expressionRegression to normoglycaemiaRegression to normoglycaemia (placebo)Serum GSH levels in control groupSerum IL-8Serum IL-8 levels in control groupSerum MCP-1Serum MCP-1 levels in control groupSerum osteocalcinStressStumvoll insulin sensitivity indexAcute pancreatitisApolipoprotein B changeCoronary revascularizationHemorrhagic strokeHospitalization for unstable anginaIncidence of non-cardiovascular deathIncidence of severe adverse reactionsIncidence of strokeIncidence of vascular events within 90 daysIschemic strokeMajor kidney disease events composite including kidney or cardiovascular deathMajor kidney disease events composite including kidney or cardiovascular death (Placebo)Modified Rankin Scale score ≤ 1PneumoniaStroke recurrenceSymptomatic intracranial hemorrhageTime to cardiovascular deathTime to first nonfatal myocardial infarction eventangiotensin (1-7)angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)lipoprotein(a)Adherence rate (MARS-5)Apolipoprotein C3 changeCardiovascular mortalityDeathsHospitalization for any cardiorespiratory diseaseHospitalization for any cardiovascular diseaseHospitalization for heart failureHospitalization for influenzaHospitalizationsHospitalizations for angina or revascularizationInterleukin-6 changePercentage of participants achieving blood pressure targetPill count adherenceTotal worsening heart failure events and death from cardiovascular causesHeart failure compositeNonfatal strokeUrgent medical visit for heart failureArrhythmia composite outcomeCardiovascular deathChange in vascular regenerative cell content (ALDH hi SSC low)Composite cardiovascular outcomeGlobal myocardial strainPBMC maximal oxygen consumption ratePlasma IL-1BPlasma hsCRPPlasma ketonesT2 relaxation time changeAbsolute cardiovascular risk reductionAnnual rate of change in eGFRAtherothrombotic eventsComposite of CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal strokeControlled attenuation parameterGlobal longitudinal strainIncidence of hyperkalemiaLiver stiffness measureMajor adverse cardiovascular events, 5-point compositeMajor kidney disease events composite including end-stage renal disease, sustained eGFR decline, and death from renal or cardiovascular causesProportion of subjects with hs-CRP < 2 mg/LRelative risk reduction for major renal eventsTime to kidney failure, sustained eGFR decline ≥40% from baseline, or kidney-related deathendothelial precursors (ALDH hi SSC low CD34 + CD133 + CD45)granulocyte precursors (ALDH hi SSC hi)hs-CRP (Placebo)left ventricular E/e' ratiopan-haematopoietic myeloid progenitors (ALDH hi SSC low CD45 +)serum proteins involved in pro-inflammatory pathwaysAcceptability of text messages in diabetes managementAdherence to Purposeful ExerciseAverage daily dose of antidiabetic medications required by participantsBlood pressure as a measure of cardiovascular riskChange in mean daily insulin units from baselineChange in self-reported perceived health statusFall incidenceFidelity of mHealth interventionImprovement in diabetes-related helpful family involvementImprovement in social connectivity scoresIncrease in clinic visits during intervention phaseLifestyle behaviorsParental Fear of HypoglycemiaPatient engagementPatient-reported health care communication assessed via CAHPS scoresPercentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intakeRecruitment RateReduced sedentary timeReduction in acute unscheduled care visits during intervention phaseReduction in acute unscheduled care visits post-intervention phaseSedentary behaviorUPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baselineUPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-upAcceptability of Motivation Enhancement SystemAcceptability of mHealth interventionChange in physical fitness after 12 weeksDepressive symptoms score in control groupDiabetes burnout (control group)Diabetes burnout scoresDiabetes distress scoresDiabetes self-care exercise scoreDiabetes self-care glucose testing scoreDiabetes social supportDirect non-health care costsFrequency of perinatal complicationsGeneral Health Management ImprovementHealth Literacy ImprovementImprovement in glycemic control for newly diagnosed patientsPatient ActivationPerceived behavior change needsReduction in indirect costsSafety eventsSelf-reported behavioral change mechanismsTotal costs in telemedicine group compared to standard careUnderstanding of type 2 diabetesAcceptability of SMS Text Messaging Reminder among Emerging AdultsAdherence to Mediterranean diet measured using MEDAS-14Change in EsDQOL satisfaction scoreChange in General Diet Self-Care ScoreCompletion of HbA1c testing by 1 year postpartumCompletion of HbA1c testing by 12 weeks postpartumEsDQOL satisfaction score (control)Improvement in Work-Life BalanceMedication possession ratio at 12 monthsPercentage of participants who scheduled a visit with a primary care provider by 12 weeks postpartumPercentage of time spent with sensor glucose levels <3.9 mmol/LPositivityProportion of participants with better glycemic controlProportion of participants with good medication adherencePsychological DistressRelevance of Question Prompt ListSelf-reported medication adherence at 12 monthsChallenges in Consistently Applying REDCHiP StrategiesDaily intake of saturated fat in gramsDaily intake of unsaturated fat in gramsFrequency of Coping Strategies Used by Parents to Manage Hypoglycemia FearFrequency of Parent-Reported Use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy SkillsImplementation of Behavioral Parenting StrategiesImprovement in Transition Readiness for Adult CareNeonatal complicationsNormal deliveriesNumber of NICU admissionsOdds of stair useOverall diet quality measured using Nordic Nutrition Recommendation scoreOverall perceived quality of the acT1ve appParent Appreciation of REDCHiP Intervention ContentParticipants' satisfaction evaluation of the APPPercentage of time spent above 10.0 mmol/LReduction in red meat intakeShoulder dystocia casesAreas for improvement in telehealth componentsConfidence-enhancing message ratingCustomization preference for message frequencyDental Neglect Scale ScoreDiet and activity support effectivenessEngagement in Farm WorkGoal completion rateMessage relevance ratingMessages flagged for revision by expert panelOdds of helping with household choresOdds of walking for choresPatient-reported foot care improvement at 6 monthsPercentage of Days Coping Strategies AppliedResponsiveness to medical and behavioral factors influencing self-managementSelf-management support effectivenessSelf-regulation measured using the Physical Activity Self-Regulation ScaleTotal Oral Health Value ScaleTotal oral hygienic behaviorsChild satisfaction score regarding diabetes interventionComposite of Weight, Physical Activity, and Dietary GoalsDiabetes Distress Scale scoreFollow-up assessment resultsImprovements in dietary habitsMean self-efficacy scoreOverall training informativeness ratingParent satisfaction score regarding diabetes interventionPost-test self-management scorePreference for In-Person TrainingProportion of participants breastfeeding at 1 monthProportion of participants breastfeeding at 6 monthsProportion of participants meeting dietary goalProportion of participants meeting weight goalProportion of participants who had an OGTT performed by 12 weeks postpartumProportion of participants with EPDS score ≥ 10Reduction in child-reported diabetes distress as measured by the PAID scoreTotal physical activity time in minutes per weekUsefulness of Motivational Interviewing and Health Action Process Approach in TrainingWeight loss at 24 months in control groupWeight loss at 6 monthsChange in liver enzymes (GGT)Difference in Thai-CV risk score at 12 months compared to routine careImprovement in dietary behaviorImprovement in foot care behaviorImprovement in foot conditionIncrease in Healthy Eating Days per WeekIncremental area under the curve for postprandial glucose at 2 hoursMedical record data availability at 6 monthsParticipant retention at 6 monthsPostprandial GIP incremental area under the curve (iAUC)Qualitative feedback on behavioral interventionRate of recruitment to randomisationRecruitment/enrollment/retention ratesReduction in Gingival Bleeding Index following SRP and Vitamin D supplementationSelf-report data availabilityAttrition Rate of the InterventionChange in aortic pulse wave velocity from baseline to week 24Difference in cardiology symptoms checklist scores before and after trainingDifference in cognition symptoms checklist scoresDifference in neurology symptoms checklist scores before and after trainingDifference in total checklist scores before and after trainingFecal levels of phenolic metabolitesGlucagonHealth attitudes improvementLog-transformed reactive hyperemia index (LnRHI)Percentage of SMS text message responses reporting hypoglycemia (<80 mg/dL)Percentage of patients discharged on maximum GLP-1 RA dosePercentage of patients with GLP-1 RA dose increased by at least one levelPercentage of patients with insulin dose reduction by at least 50%Percentage of patients with insulin stopped completelyPlasma arginine levelsTOI hyperemic responseTechnical design limitations of the i-Matter toolTissue Oxygen Index (TOI) RangeVideo watch rateDeep sleep duration (SWS)Diabetes-specific 5-year CVD risk as measured with the UKPDS Engine scoreFatigue Severity Scale ScoreHigh-density lipoproteinLifestyle Survey ResultsLow-density lipoproteinNeed for resources to support PRO data collectionOccupational deprivationReduction in Daytime Sleepiness Measured by Epworth Sleepiness ScaleReduction in Insomnia Symptoms Measured by Bergen Insomnia ScaleReduction in Insomnia Symptoms Measured by Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA)Satisfaction with diabetes managementSleep efficiencyChange in body composition after 12 weeks of treatmentDecreased paresthesia in lower limbsIncreased confidence in making dietary choicesIncreased plant-based protein intakeIncreased whole-grain intakeInsomnia SeverityMenopausal symptoms declinePercentage of calories from carbohydrates in the control groupPlant-based protein intake (Control)Reduced insulin requirements after surgeryReduced percentage of calories from carbohydratesResolution of sleep apnea symptomsSubcutaneous adipose tissue areaTotal sleep time measured in minutesVisceral adipose tissue areaWake time after sleep onset in minutesWhole-grain intake in the control groupAlbumin LevelsChair standsFrailty score improvementGlycated serum protein (GSP) levelsImprovement in depressive statusImprovement in sleep-related impairment measured by questionnairesMorningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) scoreNutrition score measured by HPLP-IIOverall health-promoting lifestyle score measured by HPLP-IISAS scoresSDS scoresSleep regularityTotal DSQL scoresTotal protein levelsWalking time improvementAdherence to sleep data recordingApnea Hypopnea Index (AHI)Changes in Resting Metabolic RateCorrelation of Sleep Hours with Changes in Resting Metabolic RateEfficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in Diabetes ManagementLeg Strength Correlation with Resting Metabolic Rate ChangesMean Ambulatory Glucose ExcursionsMean Daily Differences in Blood Glucose LevelsMean sensor glucoseMinimum Oxygen Saturation ImprovementNegative mood scorePositive mood score improvementProportion of participants achieving weight loss of 15% or more at 52 weeksSleep disturbance score measured by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality IndexSleep fragmentation indexWeight loss of 10% or more at 52 weeksAverage number of awakenings at 24 monthsAverage number of awakenings at 6 monthsAverage sleep duration at 24 monthsAverage sleep duration at 6 monthsAverage sleep habits score measured by the Children's Sleep Habits QuestionnaireAverage sleep latency at 24 monthsAverage sleep latency at 6 monthsBedtime resistanceChange in Positive Affect ScoreDrowsiness measured using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS)Emotional Functioning as Measured by EORTC QLQ-C30Fatigue on ESASNight wakings scoreParasomnia ScoreProportion of participants achieving weight loss of 5% or more at 52 weeksSelf-compassion scoresSleep anxiety scoreSleep onset delay scoreSleep-disordered breathingAccessibility of diabetes care servicesAverage glucose levels measured over 24 hoursDepression severity measured by PHQ-9Diabetes stigma experiencesHypoglycaemia confidence measured by the Hypoglycemia Confidence ScaleImprovement in Well-BeingInsulin delivery satisfactionNight sleep durationPain Disability Index (PDI)Pain severity measured by Simplified McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ)Patient-reported Pain ReliefPatient-reported relief from chillsPatient-reported relief from numbnessPostoperative Rate of Analgesic UseQuality of life measured by Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS)Serious adverse eventsSignificant Pain Relief RateSleep Duration at NightSleep scoreTestosterone levelsTime spent in hyperglycaemic rangeTime spent in hypoglycaemic rangeTotal Effective Rate of TreatmentBMAL1 gene expression increaseCRY1 gene expression increaseChange in Bodily Pain Domain of Health-Related Quality of LifeChange in role physical domain of health-related quality of lifeChange in social functioning domain of health-related quality of lifeFrequency of physician visitsGlucose management indicator (GMI)Hunger scoresPerceptions of mHealth interventionsPhysical functioningProportion of participants achieving ≥0.5% reduction in HbA1cREV-ERBα gene expressionSuggestions for intervention improvementSweet craving scoresCentral blood pressureChange in Body Roundness Index (BRI)Change in plasma hydrogen sulfide levels after taurine supplementationChange in plasma taurine levels after taurine supplementationChange in waist-to-height ratio after dietary interventionHeart rateIncidence of new or recurrent infectionsInterleukin-21 levels changeInterleukin-22 levels changeLipid parametersLiver function testsLiver transient elastographyPain Catastrophizing LevelPain Intensity ScorePatients' Impression of Change in ConditionPeripheral blood pressurePsychosomatic Competence Index (PSCI)Reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine levelsSerious SAEsSeverity of infections requiring systemic antibiotics or hospitalizationSignificant increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levelsWound healing rate measured by reduction in ulcer sizeCathelicidin level as an immune markerDaily active minutesDaily calorie consumptionDaily fruit and vegetable intakeFunctional Performance Measured by Arm Curl TestFunctional performance measured by the 2-Minute Step TestFunctional performance measured by the 30 s Chair Stand testFunctional performance measured by the Timed Up and Go testIncrease in glucose test frequency from baseline to 12 and 24 weeksLevels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α)Median daily carbohydrate intakeModifiable diabetes risk scoresOccurrence of hypercalcemia as an adverse eventPost-ACS myocardial infarct size and left ventricular functionRate of admission for hypoglycaemiaRate of breastfeeding at 6 weeksRate of breastfeeding at dischargeRenal Function Test parametersTotal diabetes risk scoreVitamin D levelsAgreement Rates for Arm SensorsAgreement rates for abdomen sensorsDays of walking for at least 10 minutesDiabetes-specific acceptanceInsulin delivered per 10 g of carbohydrateInterstitial glucose level measured in mg/dLMean Absolute Relative Difference (MARD) for Abdomen SensorsMean Absolute Relative Difference (MARD) for Arm SensorsMean daily carbohydrate-related bolus insulinMean glucose levels measured during the interventionNumber of carbohydrate-related boluses per dayNutrition questionnaire summary scorePerception of CGM on behaviorProgress towards valued livingSensor attachment rate for arm sensorsSocial burdenContinuous glucose monitoring glucose incremental area under the curve at 0-1 hoursContinuous glucose monitoring glucose incremental area under the curve at 0-2 hoursContinuous glucose monitoring glucose incremental area under the curve at 0-3 hoursDTS Error Grid Zone ADay-to-day variability of insulin requirements measured as coefficient of variationFear of hypoglycemia (worry)Mean Absolute Relative Difference (MARD)Pain during insertionPain during removalPerceived frequency of unacceptably high glucose levelsPerceived frequency of unacceptably low glucose levelsPostmeal glucose incremental area under curve (iAUC) at 0-2 hoursProportion of total daily insulin delivered as basal insulinRate of preterm delivery (<37 weeks)Sensor Accuracy Over TimeSustained glycaemic benefits after discontinuation of SNAQAssessment of pancreatic function through insulin and C-peptide levelsChange in Clarke scoreChange in Diacron-reactive Oxygen MetabolitesChange in insulin-to-carbohydrate ratioChange in perception of healthDaily bolus insulin requirementsEnergy LevelsFrequency of hypoglycemic episodes at 180 minutesIGFBP-3 levels after overnight fastingIncidence of hypoglycemiaMean difference in post-meal glucose surgesMean glucose from rtCGMMedian increase in carbohydrate ratios by day 77Median increase in correction factors by day 77Median time spent in hypoglycemia rarely >4%Reduction in Automated Daily Correction BolusesReduction in pre-programmed basal ratesReduction in total bolus dose at the end of RamadanSDF-1Technical challenges with devicesTotal IGF-1 levels measured after overnight fastingAdherence to insulin dosing recommendationsAdherence to time restricted eating criteriaBacteroidaceae levels in standard diet groupEating Disorder Psychopathology Measured by EDE-Q ScaleEpisodes of recurrent euglycemic ketosis without acidosisGRI Zone Classification Maintenance or ImprovementGlycemic control comparison to commercial AID systemsImproved Sense of Well-Being through Weight LossIncrease in Bacteroidaceae after ketogenic dietInsulin secretion levels after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgeryOverall patient experience across 14 domainsPercentage of blood glucose measurements within target range of 3.9–7.8 mmol/LPercentage of hypoglycemic eventsPercentage of time in target glucose range 3.9–10.0 mmol/LPercentage of time spent above 180 mg/dLPercentage of time spent below 70 mg/dLPercentage reduction in recurrent hypoglycaemia episodesPsychological barriers to adhering to a calorie-restricted dietSerum acetate levelsTime spent below 3.0 mmol/LAppetite ControlBarriers to adherence in dietary interventionsBlood triacylglycerol concentrationChange in protein carbonyl levelsFrequency of infants with APGAR score less than 7 at 5 minutes after birthGranzyme B expression in cytotoxic T lymphocytes increasedInsulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 levelsLength of hospital stayMode of delivery outcomesOxidised LDLProportion of infants with birth weight greater than 4 kgRoot Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD)Self-regulation of Eating BehaviourStandard Deviation of Normal-to-Normal Intervals (SDNN)Telomere length changeTotal mood disturbance score changeChange in MRI-proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF)Change in arterial stiffness progressionChange in liver indicesChange in urinary albumin levelsFibrosis improvement percentageIncreased Thiamine LevelsPercentage of patients achieving weight loss of ≥3% at 26 weeksPercentage weight loss after 12 weeksPerforin expression in cytotoxic T lymphocytesPerforin expression in total T lymphocytesResolution of Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH)Resolution of comorbidities after 12 weeksResolution of metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitisT2D remission rate at 12 monthsTotal weight loss after 12 weeksCorrelation of weight change with HbA1cCorrelation of weight change with lipid levelsDecrease in Neutrophil LevelsElevated LCAT activity in non-IF groupEngagement in lifestyle change program at 12 monthsFINS levels improvementImprovement in liver fat in MASH respondersIncreased Iron Levels Post-Bariatric SurgeryInitial weight reduction in non-achieversMean leptin level changeMedication Effect Score ImprovementNumber of lifestyle change program sessions attended at 6 monthsPON1 activity elevation in non-IF groupPostprandial glycemic response to a mixed mealProportion of participants achieving weight loss of ≥ 5% at 12 monthsReduction in HbA1c levels in MASH respondersRetention in lifestyle change program at 12 monthsSII IndexSerum Apolipoprotein M (apoM) levelsVitamin B1 levelsAssessment of General Numeracy Using WRAT-4Change in Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) ScoreChange in motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) from baselineChange in sensory nerve conduction velocity from baselineChange in vibration perception thresholdCount of glucose excursions above 120 mg/dLDecreased 2-hour insulin concentration in OGTT associated with elevated plasma CMPF concentrationDiabetes-related numeracy assessmentDifference in day-night sensor ratio between E-TRE+DCR and DCR groups at week 12Fasting plasma CMPF concentrationHOMA-IR levels after caloric restrictionImprovement in HOMA-IR after intermittent fastingMinutes spent with glucose levels above 120 mg/dLRate of medication reduction in patients on quinoa dietReduction in gingival inflammation after non-surgical periodontal therapySerum Amylase LevelsSerum Lipase LevelsSkin toxicity or adverse complaintsWound severity measured by Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment ToolArea under the curve (AUC) for blood glucose levels above 3.9Catecholamine Levels in Normo- and HyperglycemiaChange in glycoalbumin from baselineChange in prandial insulin requirement per kgCompleteness of system commentsCorrectness of system commentsExpert correctness scoresGlucose Infusion Rate Area Under the Curve from 0 to 24 HoursMaximal global systolic tissue velocity (Vmax) during hyperglycemiaMaximal mitral annulus velocity (S'max) during hyperglycemiaNeonatal outcomesPeak exercise capacityPercentage of women whose weight gain was within target during pregnancyReduction in Hemoglobin A1C levelsStrain rateTotal glucose infusion rate area under the curve from 0 to 30 hoursAcute insulin response after SIITChange from baseline in 7-point self-monitored blood glucoseChange in Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI)Change in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fibrosis-5 (MAF-5)Fasting Plasma Glucose Levels Post-SIITGlucose infusion rate area under the curve from 24 to 30 hoursGlucose infusion rate area under the curve from 24 to 30 hours with glargineImprovements in RAND-36 General Health ScoreMaximum glucose infusion rateMean capillary glucose concentration measured before breakfastProportion of participants achieving HbA1c < 6.5%Recurrence of mild hypoglycaemiaTime to achieve glycaemic control with static protocolTime to maximum glucose infusion rateAdherence to carbohydrate counting method (CHCM)Calf blood flow during inspiratory muscle loadingCalf vascular resistance during inspiratory muscle loadingChange in functional symptoms of T2DMChange in insulinogenic index from baseline to week 12Forearm blood flow during inspiratory muscle loadingGlycemic control (Placebo)Improvement in self-care abilityNocturnal Low Blood Glucose Index (LBGI)Offspring standardized birth weightRole limitation due to emotional problems scoreSelf-management scoresTreatment-emergent adverse eventsChange in Atherosclerosis IndexChange in Visceral Adiposity IndexCreatine kinase (CK) levelsFatigue measured by Borg scaleFatty liver indexFirst-phase insulin secretion (placebo)First-phase insulin secretion improvementImprovement in contrast sensitivity in the left eyeImprovement in contrast sensitivity in the right eyeMean pain score reduction compared to placebo (Pregabalin 150 mg/day)Mean pain score reduction compared to placebo (Pregabalin 75 mg/day)Mean pain score reduction with Pregabalin 300 mg/dayMean pain score reduction with Pregabalin 600 mg/dayOverall satisfaction with insulin pump systemPain measured using the Von Korff scalePain reduction in patients with HbA1c ≤ 8% due to Pregabalin 300 mg/dayPain reduction in patients with HbA1c ≤ 8% due to Pregabalin 600 mg/dayAdherence to dietary recommendations measured by BALANCE IndexChange in IL-1ra levelsChange in WEL Scores at 12 MonthsChange in WEL Scores at 12 Months for UCChange in WEL Scores at 6 MonthsChange in WEL Scores at 6 Months for UCChange in WEL Scores at 6 Months for tDNA-CCChange in WEL scores at 12 months for tDNA-MIChange in Weight Efficacy Lifestyle (WEL) ScoreControl of blood pressure below 140/80 mm HgDecrease in app usage data entriesDevice- and/or procedure-related major adverse events (MAEs)Discontinuation of insulin without increase in HbA1cInsulin dosage per weight (unit/kg/day)Modified Sulcus Bleeding Index (mSBI)Occurrence of treatment failure defined as use of metformin and/or insulin rescue medicationPercentage of participants achieving controlled hemoglobin A1c levelsProportion maintaining diastolic blood pressure < 80 mmHgProportion of participants maintaining systolic blood pressure < 130 mmHgTotal number of medications usedWEL Score Change at 12 Months for tDNA-CCAlpha-1-B glycoprotein levelsAlpha-2-antiplasmin levelsApolipoprotein C1 levelsBlood pressure readings in control groupChange in Aspartate Aminotransferase LevelsChange in CD4+/CD8+ RatioGlycaemiaMean Excess Weight Loss at 36 MonthsNumber of hypoglycaemic episodesObstetric complicationsOdds ratio for response in glycated hemoglobin screeningParticipation rate in glycated hemoglobin screeningResponse rateSubcutaneous Fat ReductionTime to first redeemed glucose-lowering drug prescriptionTime to first redeemed insulin prescriptionVisceral Fat ReductionCalculus Index DecreaseChange in Bleeding Index from Baseline to 8 WeeksChange in Serum IL-1β LevelsComparison of microbial load reduction between groupsDecrease in salivary progranulin levelsHOMA-IR measured at 3 monthsHomeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) at 6 monthsInterleukin-1 beta levels changeMean change of GPx levelsPlasma vitamin C levelsReduction in microbial count of Enterococcus faecalisReduction in microbial count of Streptococcus spp.Salivary Calprotectin LevelsSalivary chemerinSalivary visfatin levelsSerum endotoxin levelsTotal oxidant status in plasmaBlood lipidChange in ketone body levels after combination therapyFibrosis improvement without worsening of MASHHepatic Steatosis (Control)Hepatic Steatosis (Sensitivity Analysis)Mean change in Hemoglobin A1c levels after 12 weeksMean difference in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS)Median change in fibrosis levels after 12 weeksMedian change in steatosis levels after placebo treatmentMedian reduction in fibrosis levels after insulin treatmentNAFLD Fibrosis ScorePercentage change in hepatic fat mass measured by MRI-PDFFReduction in MASLD extent after weight lossReduction in liver fat grade from MRI assessmentsReduction of IL-1β levels after weight lossRisk of alkaline phosphatase abnormalities after treatmentUltrasound Grading of Hepatic SteatosisC-peptide to Proinsulin RatioCirculating Fetuin-A LevelsCirculating Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) levelsLevels of circulating microRNA 375 in the bloodReduction in Augmentation Index (AIx)Reduction in Perfused Boundary Region (PBR) at 12 months

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